Business Ethics And Corporate Social Responsibility Environmental Sciences Essay

Hot, Flat, and Crowed. Friedman invented new footings for our 21th century. Hot is Global Warming, Flat is Globalization, and Crowed is Turning completion for resources. The convergences of these 3 tendencies are energy supply and demand, climate alteration, energy poorness, and biodiversity loss. Our American lifestyle utilizations nature recourses prodigally. If all of human being uses the same ingestion as American, the demand will be exaggerated and the Earth will non be able to supply resources to all. As a consequence, it will be intense completion for resources which will take to conflict. As energy demand exceeds supply, oil monetary values rises to maintain up with the demand which gives OPEC earn a batch of hard currency. When oil monetary values goes up, the lupus erythematosus freedom in non-oil bring forthing states. As we consume more oil, clime alteration have affected dramatically to nature, wildlife and us. Average sea degree worldwide is projected to lift up to two pess by the terminal of this century. This rise would extinguish about 10,000 square stat mis of land in the United States.1 As a consequence, it destroys biodiversity. We have to halt biodiversity now. Otherwise, following coevals will non cognize what is the bird of Jove or elephant expression like but lone presentation from computing machine graphic. Greater energy efficiency and new engineerings hold promise for cut downing nursery gases and work outing this planetary challenge. 1.6 billion Peoples in developing states do non hold entree to electricity. Without energy, they have no entree to instruction, communicating and medical specialty to populate in sustainable life. However, American needs a clean energy to power the grid. Clean energy will hike economic growing as new occupations are created and inducements are given to renewable companies. Current energy markets are dominated by oil, coal and gas companies. We need to follow clean energy. Price signal is requires to do i nvestors put in clean tech companies and merchandises. It will non go on if authorities is non involved by regulate new policies for clean company or giving revenue enhancement inducements to excite invention for energy efficient merchandises. He uses many instances of how tighter ordinance criterions which leads to efficient energy uses such as GE ‘s transit EVO train or revenue enhancement inducements to advanced merchandises such as intercrossed auto or clean Diesel auto. However, these will non work if we do non hold moralss of preservation to alter our life styles to something that has less consequence on the Earth. We are extinguishing population of species faster than we can detect new one. We cut down 1000s of estates of forest before we have clip to analyze or paperss what was at that place. We are fouling environment faster than the nature cans response. We are worry about the loss of species when it is excessively late when we can make nil about it. The loss of a individual species can hold drastic effects for many species and get down a concatenation reaction of devastation as radiating lines of dependence are severed. Relationships between the species on Earth are correlated. The saga of Yangtze elephantine darn is non merely threatened wildlife and biodiversity in China but besides people economically and environmentally in Mekong river country. ( Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam ) Since the Three Gorges Dam ( Yangtze River ) was operated, countries in Laos and northern Thailand have experienced many major inundations. For this ground, ecological systems have been destroyed. The impact of dam building of the dike is non merely in alteration the H2O rhythm but most of animate being species have vanished. In the rainy season, during the spawning season inundations. Fish will be encouraged from the rain that falls and so flows into the Mekong River and subdivisions. When the prohibitionist season, H2O will diminish, so fish ballad eggs. Uncertain of H2O from the dike are non merely dry down Natural nutrient supply of fish was severed but the accretion of dirt foods. The Lower Mekong is quickly losing foods. In add-on, it is impacting straight piscaries every bit good as agribusiness along dependent food flow with the tides accumulated in the dirt as fertiliser. Furthermore, Erosion of coastal eroding, the Mekong River happened every twelvemonth but normally in the last 5 old ages, villagers along the Mekong observed that the fast eroding of the seashore and more serious. It is expected that it may come together from assorted causes such as the building of port and gap of floodgate of dike has changed way of H2O flows. In the past old ages the Mekong River Commission has stated that Chinese dikes affect the drouth more terrible. However, Chinese governments did non unwrap a clear out. In add-on, China is non allowed to analyze the impact of the dike by a group of independent. With such issues placed on the national security. The Beijing ever emphasized that China developed the Upper Mekong part. Therefore, no duty for what happened to the Lower Mekong River. Damagess to those citizens in lower Mekong parts who are affected frequently been ignored. In Chinese eyes, at present the Mekong River is a resource for energy production. However the Chinese did non fall in the Mekong River Commission. The multi-party reappraisals that if China does non take part, committee is the lone paper. If China becomes a member, China besides must follow with many regulations. Therefore, these regulations would hinder barrier to the development of freedom in China. Ch ina is unacceptable. We all try to continue biodiversity but if the ace power authoritiess like China and United States are non involved. It is hard to go on when we all think about ourselves non biodiversity loss. Energy poorness is the deficiency of electricity in developing states. That means they have to utilize biomass such as wood or droppings as their primary beginning of cookery and warming fuel. Lack of entree to sustainable energy services and merchandises constrains cardinal facets of human development and growing. When it comes to planetary heating, hapless people is affected the most. Because they do non hold they do have electricity to refrigerating nutrient or medical specialty or desalting H2O in hot universe. Without electricity, these developing states do non hold entree to machines and communicating such as entree to libraries online or competes, connect and collaborate to people in level universe. Energy can non merely do developing states hotter but besides affected developed states. As information centres and naming services outsources to seek for low cost of labour, blackout energy could take to miss of connectivity to the crowed universe. The solution for these developin g states is developed states and UN should give finance new undertaking for sustainable economic growing. The World Bank claims that it is now financing more low-carbon energy undertakings in the underdeveloped universe, yet carbon-intensive energy undertakings continue to have more than five times every bit much World Bank support as low-carbon and energy efficiency undertakings. They are in the procedure of supplying a $ 3.75 billion loan to South African public-service corporation Eskom to construct a â€Å" supercritical † coal-burning works. The World Bank says such supercritical coal undertakings are more energy efficient than traditional coal-burning workss, but these power workss still contribute massively to planetary heating compared to alternative or renewable energy-powered plants.2 Recent surveies show that particulates from air pollution and carbon black are the 2nd prima cause of planetary warming behind C dioxide. Residents of developing states, peculiarly in Asia, breathe in the environmental contaminations of coal ‘s pollution every twenty-four hours. Smog visibly hangs over major urban centres and soot covers villages doing terrible respiratory diseases. In this book, Friedman proposes a Code Green Plan and foreground the demand for a whole new system to power the economic system growing. We need to replace full end product of the soiled fuel systems such as coal. The constituents of the program are Clean Electrons, Energy Efficiency, and Conservation. We need to excite invention to beginning of negatrons that is abundant, clean, dependable and inexpensive. In short clip, we must cut down the demand of energy because Clean Energy will non be here shortly. I believe that authorities policies, ordinances, research support and revenue enhancement inducements would excite a system for introducing, bring forthing, secretory organ deploying clean negatrons, energy sufficient and resource productiveness. As we have experienced economic sciences in recession in past old ages, most of people have lost their occupations. However, fabricating occupations in Green renewable energy have played a cardinal function in contending unemployment. With unemployment at highest record in decennaries, and oil and energy monetary value volatility driving concerns into the land, we can non afford to wait any longer. It is clip for a legislative for a comprehensive clean-energy investing program. In my sentiment, if we have attractive policies to concerns, it would drive the growing of renewable industries. For illustration, extends the Advanced Energy Manufacturing Tax Credit ( as it is done with intercrossed vehicles ) , Increases the sum of credits available, or Offers a hard currency grant in stead of the Manufacturing Tax Credit ( as is presently done with the Investment Tax Credit ) Since its debut in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 20093, the Manufacturing Tax Credit has proven to be an effectual tool to reinvigorate our fabrication base, but demand for support still exists. A greater than expected figure of companies applied for the plan, ensuing in an oversubscription of this plan by a ratio of 3 to 1.4 Increasing the sum of support, and the clip that such support is available, will supply inducements for more companies to do the passage to clean energy production. This will assist America construct up a green fabrication sector that can both make occupations at place and increase America ‘s competitory border in the green energy economic system. There ‘s another benefit to back uping supply companies over assembly companies. Both types of companies promote economic development, but workers in the supply concatenation, such as tool and die workers, welders, and mechanics, are by and large paid more than workers in the assembly concatenation. A noteworthy exclusion is in the car fabrication sector, where corporate bargaining contracts can ensue in higher-paid assembly jobs.5 Despite these of import benefits, Congress, non the Department of Energy, should be responsible for clearly saying the intent in legislative linguistic communication. Given that the federal authorities has dec ided to pass through the revenue enhancement codification, I support the attempt to increase the effectivity of the Manufacturing Tax Credit. And significantly, smart policies that strategically and expeditiously beforehand precedence authorities policies. I am impressed by how much China polluted our planet. They are taking the same way of soiled industrialisation as the West done. Five of the 10 most contaminated metropoliss worldwide are in China because air and H2O are polluted. That leads China to the record-high temperature for 11th twelvemonth in a row. Back so Chinese people can swim in the Yangtze River but they can no longer see because the toxic pollution has poisoned so many China ‘s rivers and lakes. Furthermore, wellness issues are one of serious issues Chinese is sing. One 4th of Chinese citizens do non hold entree for clean H2O. For this ground, 70 per centum of all deathly malignant neoplastic disease instances are related to the environment. The authorities has realized this and has been taking little stairss to travel green while more refering about economic growing. However, put to deathing a green program is non easy because of the big inactiveness and the deficiency of control over authoritiess. As I mention ed above, authorities more concern about GDP and make non care about the effects of environmental as they are making with Yangtze River dike. However, The U.S. demand to take moral land in taking clean energy because China will follow us as it has no pick but to follow universe criterion. Meanwhile, America has been discoursing greening for excessively long with no action. Decision devising is being lobbied by traditional energy companies that oppose inducements to renewable energy. Furthermore, Congress is allowing funding to the incorrect undertakings alternatively of scientific discipline and development. It took 11 old ages to link a air current farm 275 stat mis to LA, comparing to the velocity at China is constructing power workss of one every 2 hebdomads. So, we need U.S. authorities to take our planet to be a better for our following coevals before it is excessively late. â€Å" If America becomes the illustration of a state that takes the lead in developing clean power, energy efficiency, preservation systems, so grows more productive, healthy, respected, comfortable, competitory, advanced, & A ; secure as a consequence, many more states will emulate us voluntarily † . -Thomas

First knight

Arthur demonstrates the democratic way by showing when he makes decisions he goes to the round table to discuss them with the fellow citizens. How Arthur shows how to handle those who he thinks broke the rules by holding a public trial so everyone can see the law at work and he leaves the persons fall to the law and the people of Camelot to decide. Arthur demonstrates the highest value of the democratic way by letting the citizens have a say and do things their way and expecting and treating the citizens with dignity. . Malignant demonstrates the authoritarian way by showing when he makes decisions he does not listen to the citizens and only goes by his word and no one else's. Malignant only respects himself and no one else; he even tries to kidnap the Queen. Which is very disrespectful. Malignant does not care about anyone as long at he is respected and in charge. Being authoritarian means that the leader is self appointed and does not listen to citizen's opinions and they cannot sp eak out against he leaders actions, which Malignant clearly shows.That is an example that shows lack of respect for citizens and shows the authoritarian way. Malignant demonstrates the highest value of the authoritarian way by not letting the citizens have a say and taking away their rights, also by punishing innocent people for others poor actions. 3. Arthur shows rights and responsibilities in the movie because Arthur held court and used the law to decide the guilt or innocence of the Queen and Lancelot and if lilts their punishment.He held a public trial so every citizen can see the law at work. This shows rights and responsibilities by letting the people decide the faith and having a say, Arthur is allowing the people to exercise their rights of opinion. As well he does not get greedy or let his anger get the best of him before announcing Lancet's punishment. Also he uses the round table with high respect and responsibility and shows equality throughout and works together with e veryone for the good of Camelot.

African American Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

African American Culture - Essay Example This discussion stresses that  to date no African American can claim certain aspects what he or she does descend from own respective ancestors in W. Africa. Since, present values that we normally hold onto and boast of are just mere retaliation habits of the impending settings. For instance, hip-hop claimed by Hamlet to have spread worldwide but now seems overshadowed by Crunk, a more club-oriented genre.This report highlights that church currently acts as a â€Å"Rich Reservoir† meant to relay varied African American expressions or terms, she fails to notice the extent of societal fusion evident in America. The then Mega churches dominant congregation used to be of certain races but now that is changing whereby the said word-warriors are of diverse backgrounds including descendants of former slave masters. This depicts a creation of unified and borderless society whose description would emerge with entirely different values such that former distinct racial values are inexis tent. Since, interaction especially through social settings currently escalates the extent of intermarriages, which in their actualization by respective partners sometimes tend to disregards certain aspects of the respective participants to embrace common grounds. For instance, overemphasis of certain cultural aspects that has no significance to in unifying the formed interracial union like dominant patriarchal privileges.   Ã‚  

Immigrants and the City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Immigrants and the City - Essay Example United States of America is one of the developed countries in its economic, political, social, and environmental sectors and is amongst the super powers of the world since decades. Fifty-two states in total makes up the U.S. as a federal constitutional nation.  U.S. touches its borders with Canada and Mexico and Washington D.C. is its capital state (United States Bureau of the Census, pp. 640-715, 2004). Due to its gigantic land mass and huge population, United States comes under the world rankings. Diversity dominates the culture of U.S. as people from several races, civilizations and backgrounds reside in it. It is one of the most powerful nations with the strongest and most established economy (Kleniewski, pp. 167-190). U.S. economy comes under handling by the capitalist economical structure and subjects to domination by industrial and service segments. Advanced telecommunication, transportation, and technology govern the success of the financial sector of America. Its economy i s trade based and it is one of the leading importers and exporters of manufactured goods and some fossil fuels. It is also a nuclear power and is rich in resources, which makes it potential of producing electrical energy in gargantuan amounts (Kleniewski, pp. 167-190). Agriculture sector contributes a small part in U.S. total income; however, U.S. cultivates some of the important crops on its land. The value of U.S. dollar plays a critical and significant role in governing the currency value of most of the countries in the world (United States Bureau of the Census, pp. 640-715, 2004). United States is a country with the populace from all around the world. The immigration history dates back to several centuries. According to some schools of thought (Fisher, pp. 6-50, 2007), the earliest immigrants were from several regions of European continent and marked the beginning of influx of people in America from different corners of the world, whereas, few believed that Asians were the initi al migrants (Kleniewski, pp. 167-190). Where numerous people came to America by their own will, many coercively came under bringing as slaves and labors. The migration pattern experienced a fluctuating trend as many historical events had influenced the happening (Fisher, pp. 6-50, 2007). The purposes with which the immigrants migrated to United States were either religious, slavery and to have a wealthy life or future. The early migrations did not involve any kind of immigration policies and visas as people mostly migrated via sea routes. Consequently, United States observed a major escalation in the population growth and cultural diversity as people from different ethnic backgrounds came and settled there. The discrimination factor has always been present when considering the immigration matter. This enormity became noticeable and got official recognition under an act when countless people inhabited the U.S. territory and government came into formation (Kleniewski, pp. 167-190). Ac cording to this Act, white people received higher preference over people of other skin tones such as browns and blacks (Fisher, pp. 6-50, 2007). This practice came under eradication in late twentieth century when legal steps gave equal immigration rights to everyone regardless of their color, race, and religion. The entrance to America

Analysing organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysing organisation - Essay Example The key insights from Meyerson & Martin (1987) indicate that organisation is a culture imbued with the collective beliefs, meanings and values of the people and not a discrete variable. The three paradigms seem to diverge and converge on certain aspects and reveal the real status of large organisations. Consider Integration paradigm that aims to bring together disparate groups of employees by creating a single encompassing structure that glues together all. However, paradigm 2 differentiation does not agree with paradigm 1 and it indicates that culture is made up of a number of conciliatory and opposing views. The third paradigm of ambiguity is aligned with paradigm 2 since it proposes that people have contradictory views in an organisation. The three insights are best represented in the following figure. The key insight from Meyerson & Martin (1987) is that out of these paradigms, one would be dominant while others serve as sub cultures. The three paradigms have diverging implications and they would tend to produce mixed results when a cultural change is needed. One factor that emerges is the quality of leadership that guides and ushers in organisational change. Meyerson & Martin (1987) conclude that the best method is to use paradigm 1, integration, since it can be used to bring various cultures under the dominant organisational culture. Yet at the same time, integration allows individuals to maintain their unique characteristics so that they agree and differ on certain view while maintaining the organisational goals and objectives. The key insights can be applied in practice by using the principles mentioned by Meyerson & Martin (1987) who used these paradigms to analyse the operations of Peace Corps in Africa. In this case, volunteers from different African nations with different and often opposing ideology came together.

Preparing to Participate in Groups Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preparing to Participate in Groups - Assignment Example When leaders work collaboratively with other team members making them feel responsible and encouraging them to actively participate, I feel that it would result in the team producing better results and the goals would be accomplished on time. With reference to Chapter 8 "Leading Small Groups: Practical Tips", my advice to a prospective member of a problem-solving or decision-making group would be that when they are in the role of a leader, they ensure that there is effective communication between all the members of the team. Based on my previous experience of working in group projects I have realized that communication is the key to effective working and team building in groups. In one particular group project that I was working on, the topic was divided into smaller sections and each member was to present their findings after a few weeks. Unfortunately, due to lack of proper communication, two members of the group spent a lot of time researching the same topic resulting in a signifi cant waste of time and causing resentment among the team members.

Scott Joplin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Scott Joplin - Essay Example The exact details of Scott Joplin's birth are uncertain, but he was born probably in Linden Texas, between June 1, 1867 and mid-January 1868. He had five siblings, among which he was the second child. His parents were Florence Givins and Giles Joplin. When he was still a very young child his family moved to Texarkana, where his mother cleaned homes for a living. Because of his mother's work he was able to delve into music, and eventually his mother bought him a piano. His talent was noticed by a German music teacher, Julius Weiss, who decided to teach him for free. His experience with Weiss probably spurred him on his musical career. He went to George R. Smith College in Sedalia, where he studied composition. Around 1891 Joplin was in a minstrel troupe, and by 1895 he was in New York, selling some songs. In 1894 he moved to Sedalia, where he worked as a pianist in various places, including gentlemen's clubs.

Meeting the Needs of Different Client Groups Assignment

Meeting the Needs of Different Client Groups - Assignment Example This paper looks into the provisions of private fostering, and in doing so, it outlines some of the rules and responsibilities that guide the client and the caregiver as well. Conversely, the paper provides an evaluation of two models of care, the Orem’s Self Care model and the Roper, Logan and Tierney’s activities of living, thereby revealing how they relate to the case in consideration. Majorities of friends or family carers act in an informal manner by agreeing with the people holding parental responsibility for a child, identified as the client in this case. For this reason, the initial arrangement between Rachel’s parents and Tracey’s parents to accommodate Rachel in their house was informal in nature. However, given that Tracey’s parents agreed to accommodate Rachel for a number of months, which is more than the informal care threshold set by the law, the parents have to visit the children’s service office to formalize the private fostering arrangement. As required by the law, the parents had to contact the children’s services office to determine that Tracey’s parents had the ability to look after Rachel in a proper manner, which includes ensuring that they do not expose her to any risk, given that she will be living away from her legal guardians. The main responsibility of the carers, in this case, is to safeguard and promote the welfare of the clients under their care. For this reason, the first consideration would be to inform the local council of such an arrangement, even though quite a number of the carers do not do it. The carer should meet this requirement to allow social services to check on whether the client is receiving proper care. It is vital for social services to be made aware of such an arrangement in order to preserve and uphold the welfare of a potentially vulnerable child.

Air Asia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Air Asia - Case Study Example However, they tend to value quality service, and are willing to pay for excellent service. On the other hand, Asians are less likely to concentrate on quality of service, and are willing to compromise quality service for a low price. Furthermore, people in the U.S. and Europe can use other forms of transport for short trips such as speed rail, bus etc. However, there are hardly any world class rails in Asia, and air travel remains the only option for many travelers. Some people in Asia might use bus, but the advent of budget airlines has made it cheaper for travelers to fly instead. Given today's economic climate, low-fare service would be a hit in any part of the world and the Gulf region is no exception. Although, the Gulf region has a good per capita income, lower and middle class travelers would nevertheless welcome low-fare service and it would definitely affect the large carriers in the Gulf Region. Q2: Air Asia is a budget airline which was on the verge of bankruptcy, but sprang up in 2001 to become the world's cheapest airline. Air Asia is a budget airline and succeeded in getting the lowest cost per kilometer of any airline. It was largely in part because of the declining demand for air travel and fleet purchases in the aftermath of 9/11. Thus, time was a key player in ensuring that Air Asia got the lowest cost structure possible. Furthermore, Air Asia also differentiated itself from other carriers by initiating ticketless travel. Under this new method, travelers had to book tickets online and there was no hassle to for travelers to go through agents. This made travel easy for the passengers and helped further in the reduction of distribution costs. However, Air Asia was similar to other carriers because all carriers of its type focused on low cost travel and targeted small business travelers. Moreover, Air Asia just like other carriers also offered only three types of fares. This was to stimulate demand for these carriers and attract travelers from major airlines like Malaysian Airlines. Q3: By reading the case study, I feel that Air Asia was wrong in its decision of Internet booking. Although this has been a viable option for many travelers, it has also meant that the airline is losing potential passengers who do not have access to the Internet. Air Asia is targeting relatives and small travelers and many might not have access to Internet. Furthermore, I also feel that expanding too much in a short period of time might have its disadvantages. Purchasing a lot of fleet might be a cause of concern given today's shifting business climate. It would be difficult to make monthly payments if uncertain conditions force demand to plunge. First, Air Asia came into the market at the right time. Just after the terrorist attacks of September 11, the aviation industry took an uncertain turn and there was a drop in demand. This caused the market for fleets to go down and leasing costs were reasonable, causing Air Asia to penetrate the market. Also, Air Asia expanded beyond national borders and grabbed the opportunity to serve neighboring countries. Moreover, Air A

Administrative Ethics Paper Grading Criteria Essay Example for Free

Administrative Ethics Paper Grading Criteria Essay Resource: Administrative Ethics Paper Grading Criteria on your student website Find a current administrative issue in a newspaper, magazine, or journal article relating to topics such as patient privacy, confidentiality, or HIPAA. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper that includes the following: †¢ Describe the issue and its impact on the population it affects most. †¢ What arguments or facts are used in the article to support the proposed solution? †¢ What are the ethical and legal issues reported for your administrative issue? †¢ Explain the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues. If none were stated, what should have been done? †¢ Identify any proposed solutions. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay Include at least three sources in your paper. Resource: Administrative Ethics Paper Grading Criteria on your student website Find a current administrative issue in a newspaper, magazine, or journal article relating to topics such as patient privacy, confidentiality, or HIPAA. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper that includes the following: †¢ Describe the issue and its impact on the population it affects most. †¢ What arguments or facts are used in the article to support the proposed solution? †¢ What are the ethical and legal issues reported for your administrative issue? †¢ Explain the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues. If none were stated, what should have been done? †¢ Identify any proposed solutions.

CARL ROGERS PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH

CARL ROGERS PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH Introduction Carl Rogers (1902-1987) a psychologist developed the person-centred approach theory mainly in relation to the therapist and the client and initially named it the client-centred approach. Rogers later referred to this theory as person-centred rather than patient-centred in order not to reduce the individuals autonomy and consequently lend the client to difficulties. The approach therefore is to turn individuals (clients) into subjects of their own therapy. In his theory it was noted that individuals are endowed with the power of self actualization and through their own perception of resources inherent in them, they can provide remedy for change in their difficult situations, provided a facilitating environment exists This view as expressed by Rogers implied that every person has a tendency to grow and attain a certain level of actualization. He observed that in order to allow the client (person) asses his/her own wisdom and self defeating behaviours and also engage in therapeutic move ment with the therapist, there must be a conducive climate. Three conditions were identified for this relationship to thrive favourably: Genuineness (Congruence), Empathy and Unconditional Positive Regard. GENUINENESS (Congruence) In this relationship the therapist is expected to show a real sense of genuine attitude towards the clients feelings and thoughts, be willing and ever present to assist them in whatever situation they may be. He should be transparent and discourage the attitude of being the superior in the situation. This attitude would in turn retain a high sense of confidence in the client towards realization of him/herself in therapy. Any deviation from this attitude renders the process unworkable. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (Total Acceptance) According to Rogers, the therapist in this situation must show non-judgemental and total acceptance to the clients feelings and his perceptive world as a whole to enhance his process of recovery. This total acceptance of the clients attitude and perception should be devoid of whatsoever differences that might exist between them either culturally or socially. However in doing so the therapist should ensure the safety and security of the client. EMPATHETIC UNDERSTANDING In his theory, showing empathy refers to the ability of the therapist to show positive sensitivity to the clients world, his perception towards recovery and also communicate his feelings to the client. This will convey a special meaning to the client of his relationship with the therapist and consequently solidify their mutual relationship towards the expected therapeutic movement. Rogers continue to state that any deviation from these attitudes on the part of the therapist makes it difficult for the process to continue. This empathetic attitude is more exhibited by therapists who are more confident about their own identity and can cope with other persons world without any fear. PERSON-CENTREDNESS AS A CONCEPT Person-centeredness a concept in health care delivery has poor and conflicting definitions over the years and is considered one of the best ways of health care delivery in which patients are valued as individuals (Winfield et al. 1996). It has further been observed by (Slater 2006; Leplege et al 2007), that the concept of person-centredness has been described using different terms like patient-centred, client-centred, person-centred interchangeably which makes it most often unclear which consistent term to use in the description of the concept. Notwithstanding all these difficulties, Kitwood (1997) defined person-centredness as a standing or status that is bestowed upon one human being by others in the context of relationship and social being. It implies recognition, respect and trust. (p.8) Kitwood (1997) further used person-centredness to formulate ideas and ways of working which puts much emphasis on communication and building relationships in care. Brooker (2004), elaborating on person-centred approach found out that the definition of the term has such characteristics as:  · Respecting and valuing the individual as a full member of society  · Providing individualised places of care that are in line with peoples changing needs  · Understanding the perspective of the person and providing a supportive social psychology in order to help people live a life of relative well-being. Dwelling on these definitions of Kitwood and Brooker, it is evident that they are built on the works of Carl Rogers (1950), which developed person-centred approach as a way of facilitating psychological growth (Natiello 2001).In addition a critical look at Kitwoods definitions definitions showed that personhood has been considered very essential. (Dewing 2008) observed that Person-centredness is often associated with gerontological nursing and more particularly issues relating to dementia care and have personhood as a basis of promoting its practice. It is therefore relevant to explore the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of personhood in as much as it recognised in person-centredness (Baker 2001; Ford McCormack 2000; Fares 1997). Baker (2001) declared that personhood is consistent with individuality and has three dimensions; the persons world which relates to understanding the persons needs, self relating to emotional and physical security and others which signify social and material world that considers the need for interventions and a sense of belonging and place. Similarly (Ford McCormack 2000) recognises personhood as the persons ability to rational make decision by virtue of his reflection on available needs, choices wants and desires. On the contrary this ability to make rational decisions might be difficult particularly in persons with dementia (Kitwood 1997), however choices can be offered to the person. Harre (1998, p.6) drawing on the work of Apter (1989),concludes that ; a sense of personal distinctiveness, a sense of personal continuity and a sense of personal autonomy important phenomenon that best described personhood. Elsewhere in literature, transcendence (a state beyond material or usual existence) has been referred to as an essential characteristic for description of personhood (Heron 1992 Kitwood 1990a, 1997).This goes to establish the assertion that personhood can be accessed from three type of literature- theology and spiritual, ethics and social psychology and each of these literature gives different meanings to attributes relating to personhood (Kitwood 1997, p.8). McCormack (2004) compared the definition of person-centredness by Kitwood and his own findings in an extensively reviewed literature and concludes that four concepts should be considered in describing person-centred nursing. These are: Being in Relation, Being in Social Context, Being In Place, Being With Self. Being In Relation Being in relationship emphasizes the point that, for any effective person-centred care to commence, continue and achieve success ,the nurse and the patient should be in a good interpersonal relationship and this relationship requires valuing of self, moral integrity, reflective ability, knowing self and others as derived from reflection on values and their place in the relationship. Being in relationship is also reflected in one of the seven attributes of person-centredness identified by Slaters (2006) concept analysis-evidence of a therapeutic relationship between person and health care provider. He further states that this relationship between the person and care provider must be one of mutuality, mutual trust and non-judgemental which does not take into consideration the balance of power. Being In Social Context This is the interconnectedness of persons with the social world in which individuals create meaning to themselves through being in the world. Being able to understand the social world of the person enables one to clearly identify things that are considered paramount in their lives Slater (2006). Being In Place Andrew (2003) declares that concept of place and its impact on health care delivery is poorly understood in nursing. Andrew further argued that places are not just physical but involve situated human intentions within them.(Andrew, 2003; Luckhurst Ray, 1997; Hussain Raczka, 1997) contends that attention must be paid to place in care relationships for its important role. In order for nurses to be facilitators of person-centredness, care values must be balanced with other organisational values no matter how difficult it might be, to enable the process of the concept to continue smoothly (Woods 2001). A similar idea was expressed by Johns (1995) that nurses cannot freely fulfil their moral obligation to patients without taking cognisance of organisational and professional implications. To buttress this McCormack et al (2002) asserts that whilst it is important for nurses to facilitate person-centredness, other contextual issues such as staff relationships, organisational systems, power differentials and the extent to which the organisation tolerates innovative practices and risk taking should be worth noting. Being with Self Knowing self is very central in person-centred nursing approach. This is important in that, health care providers need to identify their personal values first in order to respect the values of other patients under their care, to avoid trampling over their autonomy and cultural needs paramount to person-centredness (Downs, 1997; Ford McCormack, 2001; McCormack, 2001b; Nolan, 2000).Further, knowing self enables the nurse to make comparisons of current lifestyles and behaviours of the patient with his preferences and values of life in general as a clue to enhance care process (Meyers,1999). PERSON-CENTRED PRACTICE BASED ON AUTHENTIC CONSCIOUSNESS Based on the four concepts- Being In place, Being In relationship, Being with self, Being In social context, McCormack (2003) outlined five conceptual models in consistent with current nursing principles. These are: Authentic consciousness (McCormack 2001a, 2001b, 2003 and 2004), Positive person work (Packer 2003), the senses Framework (Nolan et al 2001), Skilled companionship (Titchen 2000, 2001 p.80) and The Burford Nursing Development unit model (Johns 1994). McCormack developed a conceptual framework for person-centredness practice based on Authentic consciousness. He identified five imperfect duties on which the framework will operationalize.further, McCormack (2003) declared that for person-centredness to operate effectively in practice, factors such as the patients value, the nurses values and the context of care environment. For the purpose of this study, imperfect duties and factors (Patients values, the nurses values, context of care environment) on which person-centred practice operationalize will be explored to highlight their effect on the concept. According to Immanuel Kants morale theory cited in (Sullivan, RJ 1990), imperfect duties are described as wide, broad and limited such that it gives room for discretion but within the rules of the organization within which one works. There is no means of offering an exhaustive and a priori account of how the duties are to be fulfilled. The five imperfect duties discussed earlier are as from (the conceptual framework of McCormack 2003):  · Informed flexibility: this is the facilitation of fdecision making based on information dissemination and the integration of new information into established perspectives and care practices.  · Mutuality: the recognition of the others values as being equally paramount in decision making.  · Transparency: making clear the intentions and motivations for action and the boundaries within which care decisions are set.  · Negotiation: patient participation through a culture of care that values the views of the patient as a legitimate basis for decision making while recognizing that being the final judge of decisions is of secondary importance.  · Sympathetic presence: this is an engagement takes into consideration the uniqueness and value of the individual by appropriately responding to cues that maximize coping resources through the recognition of important agendas in daily life. PATIENTS VALUES In person-centred practice respect for patients values are identified as being central in order to achieve an effective process of the concept (Dewing, J. 2002; William,B. Grant. 1998; McCormack 2001).It is important to develop a clear picture of what patients values about their life and how they make sense of what is happening around them. Helping the individual to have realization in care makes them to tolerate the incongruency of their illness and also helps them to plan for future, to do this, there is the need to build a baseline value history of the patient through biographical accounts and narrative story.(Meyers, D.T. 1989).The complex nature of most health care decisions couple with anxiety, fear of illness, dependency and other aggressive tendencies results in the patients decision making ability being diminished.( Buchanan Brock, 1989) Argued that if patients are left to be in total control of their health care decisions, most often than not their choice of treatment dec ision might not work effectively towards their well being as expected. They further argued that, as much as patients are expected to participate in decision making regarding their health, they should also be protected sometimes from harmful consequences of their own choices. According to Seedhouse, D. (1986) health has different meanings to different people and is also given various degrees of relevance by individuals. It therefore implies that there is no single care intervention that can be considered best for everyone. Whiles are a particular approach is applicable in one situation it may not be same in the other. In view of these, health care decisions need to adopt a negotiated approach between the patient and the practitioner (McCormack, 2001). NURSES VALUES In spite of partnership being a common phenomenon in person-centred practice where nurses are encouraged to be lenient in their presentation to patients, it is unusual for nurses to present their own views as a part of information that patients are given to help their decisions.Gadow (1980) argued that in as much as patients values should be dominant in the decision, nurses values also contribute to enhance the efficiency of the process but in a less explicit manner. Nurses expressing their values in care decisions should not really be a problem if there is partnership, since these will help the patient to have more insight into the nurses position regarding their care. CONTEXT OF PRACTICE ENVIRONMENT Despite more attention on nurses and patient values the care environment also play a significant role in the person-centred process in which there is the tendency to either promote or hinder its smooth running (McCormack et al 2002; Rycroft-Malone et al 2002).In facilitating person-centredness nurses are faced with difficulties of having to cope with the morale obligations to patients as well as organisational and professional implications (Johns, 1999).this situation has been confirmed by recent analysis f context undertaken by McCormack et al (2002). Yarling (1990) expressed a similar view to earlier researchers above that, in modern health care delivery, while nurses are expected to engage in autonomous decision making they are limited in exercising their authority. THE CONCEPT OF PERSON-CENTREDNESS IN REHABILITATION Clare et al. (2006) define rehabilitation as an individualized approach to helping people with cognitive impairments in which those affected, and their families work together with health care professionals to identify personal-relevant goals and strategies for addressing these. This definition clearly shows a connection between rehabilitation and the concept of person-centredness. Leplege et al (2007) argued that the notion of person-centredness have been used interchangeably as patient- centred ,client-centred, individual- centred, person-directed. Reasoning along this argument, implies that the term has a multidimensional use. In order to establish further the description of this terminology, Leplege and his colleagues undertook a conceptual analysis of person-centred concept in the field of rehabilitation and identified few supportive concepts that clearly elaborate on the use of the term. THE PERSONS SPECIFIC HOLISTIC PROPERTIES AND DIFFICULTIES IN EVERYDAY LIFE Person-centredness as a means of addressing the persons specific and holistic properties suggests that in dealing with individuals, their biological and psychosocial needs must be considered as paramount as opposed to classical analytic medical attention on the functionality of specific organs and related medications prescribed for relief of ailment. In their view regarding person-centredness in rehabilitation, the term seeks to address difficulties in everyday life of disabled persons in such a manner as to reflect their needs and social adjustment. Rehabilitation alone without person-centredness seems more technical and ignores other aspects of the patients life. PARTICIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT It is further argued that disabled persons be given more decisional autonomy in order to be aware of what is happening to them, the way they perceive treatment and care offered them and other variations about care available to them. Patients of disability should not be passive about interventions available to them; they should be allowed as key participants. It is however stressed that the concerns of disabled persons are not different from able persons and therefore equal attention is supposed to be given to both. RESPECTING THE PERSON BEHIND THE IMPAIRMENT Respecting the person in spite of his/her impairment or the disease reflects the notion that disabled persons be accorded the dignity and respect they deserve, because disability can be considered as part of normal life and therefore should not be treated with pity and stigmatization. Leplege et al therefore declared person-centredness as anti-reductionism which seeks to hold in high esteem views and rights of disabled persons in decision making regarding their health care. PERCEPTION OF PERSON-CENTRED NURSING ACROSS NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL DIVIDE The concept of person-centred care has long been associated with the nursing profession, and understood in principle as; establishing mutual trust and understanding with individuals, respecting their values and rights as a person, and developing therapeutic relationships with them and others associated with their care. The good aspect of delivering care in the philosophical context of person-centredness cannot be over emphasised, but it has been observed that translating the main concept into daily practice is always met with challenges (McCormack McCance 2006).The reasons for these inefficiencies manifest in different forms and are seldom indicative of the context in which care is delivered, coupled with constant changes that occur particularly within health and other social care sectors. Person-centredness has been in existence with health care delivery for some time now and is consistent with policy direction and reflected in many approaches to delivery of care. The concept manifests itself in policy directions across both national and international health care sectors. In the United Kingdom the concept of person-centredness is embedded in most health care policies such as The Dignity in Care Campaign (DoH, 2006) and The National Service Framework for older people (DoH 2001). Further, recent publications by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) emphasised challenges for nurses and midwives in provision of dignified and sensitive care, in its report on health care. In Northern Ireland, the focus is on promoting person-centred standards- (respect, attitude, privacy and dignity, communication, behaviour) across health and social care sectors. It has been observed that within the health service, the drive to promote effectiveness and efficiency in performance management has not been high. As a result, patients, clients and their families receive less attention in care delivery as indicated in a range of quality and clinical indicators (DHSSPS 2007a; Nolan, 2007). Whilst the term person-centred care is rampant in the UK health and social care literature and policy documents, the underlying principles of person-centred care are similar to that of international movements that is focused on humanizing the health and social care experience. This is evident in the Skaevinge Project carried out in Denmark (Wagner L. 1994). In his action research, focus was on preventative work and also to ensure the rights of residents in care homes as citizens in society. This model again helps in putting to shape the future of residential care and the design of care homes internationally. Wagner infused into his work such principles underpinning person-centred care as autonomy, citizenship, dignity and respect, to enhance efficiency of his model. Health care policies around the world adopt these principles and use them in several policy frameworks related to social and health care sectors. In Australia for instance, person-centred care has been a solid foundation of facility accreditation in The Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency and the New South Wales department of nursing has its focus on enhancing practices and models of care to support person-centredness across all specialities. Developing models that enhance care and promote person-centred principles has become a vital issue in health and social care. A notable instance is the Institute for Health care Improvement (IHI) in the United States of America. Most governments in the West have initiated transformations and innovated frameworks in health and social services through most of the practices of the IHI. Majority of the plans initiated by these governments focused on person-centred care mainly through transformation systems and redesign of clinical services.

Mavis Gallants Bernadette :: essays research papers

Mavis Gallant's Bernadette Fear, it has a way of controlling everything that it comes in contact with. As young children we are introduced to this intimidating desire with intrigue and suspicion. As we age, the thoughts of fears become more like realities, ideas of loneliness and death enter the picture as comprehensible thoughts and views of the future. These issues make up the foundation of the Mavis Gallant story "Bernadette". In this story we are presented with the image of a young French Canadian girl, who finds herself pregnant and without a husband. The context of the story explores the relationships between the members of the household in a fear associated manner. The relationship between the Knights and Bernadette is the base of the story. These three people relate to each other in an intimidating fashion and this is what makes Bernadette's predicament so difficult to overcome. As well, the family ties between Nora and Robbie are explored. Their family relationship is one based on dependence, and without this one factor the connection between the two results in fearfulness of being alone. Fear has a way of attacking our judgment and this is what makes associations between people an apprehensive and hard act. The story is set in Quebec during the 1940-1950, when what you were was the definition of who you were. As the story opens we are presented with the main character Bernadette, who is concluding that she is one hundred and twenty-six days pregnant. At this time in history it was quit common for young rural girls to bare children at a young age. However, Bernadette is a single French Canadian girl who is working and living in a urban community, where things like that do not take place. We are here introduced to the first fear presented in the story: --How will Bernadette tell the Knights that she is pregnant? -- The answer to the question is what haunts her, and the reaction of the Knights is the anxiety that builds up inside of her. These intimidating fears places Bernadette in a compromising situation, she is in a position of abandonment by her family and the shame she thinks she has brought on to the Knights. These fears have forced her to react in an unusual fashion. Bernadette is so fearful of what they might think that she tries to hide herself in her work so that she is not placed in the position where she will have to interact with the Knights. The fear of failure and disappointment took control over her mind. When around the Knights she worked as a robot in order not to arouse ideas of

Feminism Essay -- essays research papers

Feminism Feminism is the belief that women should have economic political and social equality with men. This term also refers to a political movement that works to gain equality within a male and female relationship. In a male and female relationship both the roles of the male and female should be equal. Equal in many ways ten one: they should trust each other, share responsibilities, listen to one another, respect each other, and of course love one another equally. This type of relationship is not found now a days because of the many traditions which imply that women are inferior to men. They also imply that women should stay home all day watching soap operas, taking care of the children, and making the food for their tired husbands coming home from a long day of work. Many cultures think this is how a family should be. In other cultures the woman is thought to be so inferior to the man that the woman can not even go outside of the house without having her face covered with some type of cloth so another man (other then the husband) will be able to see the woman’s beautiful face. Some people were brought up to think that the woman is inferior to the man whether it be from the traditions in the culture to the many sitcoms people watch everyday or even years ago. Some of these normal sitcoms show the wife watching TV and eating junk food all day and when the husband comes home from a hard day of work and the wife nags the husband’s ear off (Married With Children). Even tho...

Macbeth Comparison Essay :: essays research papers

Macbeth Comparison Essay A quote which really defines Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s ambition regarding power is â€Å"Power does not corrupt men; fools; however, if they get into a position of power, corrupt power† George Bernard Shaw. Lady Macbeth is more ambitious in terms of gaining power then Macbeth is and that Lady Macbeth will do almost anything to gain power, even evil things that she normally wouldn’t do. This is shown when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth learn about the witches’ predictions, then roles in the plans to murder king Duncan in order to gain power and then finally after the murder, Macbeth doesn’t want to finish the plan making Lady Macbeth angry and causing a chance they might get caught and gain no power at all. Lady Macbeth shows more ambition then Macbeth does in terms of gaining power regarding kingship. When Macbeth finds out about the witches’ predictions and the first two coming true â€Å"Glamis, and thane of Cawdor: The greatest is behind† (1.3.124-125) meaning that he got a taste of power, making him thane of Glamis and thane of Cawdor making him more ambitious for the power to become king. Proving that he will do anything for power he decides that he is going to murder Duncan. When Lady Macbeth receives the letter from Macbeth learning about the witches’ predictions and that two of them came true already, she becomes very ambitious towards gaining power. She doesn’t believe that Macbeth will murder Duncan, so she makes a plan for the murder. Secondly Lady Macbeth shows more ambition then Macbeth does in terms of gaining power regarding kingship. When Macbeth does not want to murder Duncan anymore, for he recognizes that he is a kind man, good king and thinks Duncan should remain the king. Lady Macbeth however shows more ambition for power, becomes very upset upon learning how Macbeth feels how he doesn’t want to kill King Duncan anymore, she says â€Å"And Live a coward in thine own esteem† (1.7.46) meaning she’s calling him a coward for not wanting to kill Duncan and thereby gaining power. She convinces him to change his mind to want the power of kingship now, which can only be achieved by killing Duncan. Thirdly Lady Macbeth shows more ambition then Macbeth does in terms of gaining power regarding kingship. When Macbeth doesn’t care for power anymore and regrets killing Duncan. Thinking of the consequences he says â€Å"I’ll go no more: I am afraid to think what I have done;† (2.

Do Thin Models Warp Girls’ Body Image?

â€Å"Do Thin Models Warp Girls’ Body Image? † Nanci Hellmich’s â€Å"Do Thin Models Warp Girls’ Body Image? † published in Elements of Argument summarizes the effects models’ images have on young girls. Hellmich brings to our attention the influence models have on the female mindset. Psychologist, Sharon Lamb, points out that it is perfectly normal that girls want to look good, but it should not be their main focus (706). Many of the models developing a serious eating disorder, is portraying to young girls that having an eating disorder or being extremely thin is the standard way to look (706).The issue of body image is one, which grows greater as the years go on. An ex-Victoria Secret model was â€Å"shocked† by how thinner their figures are becoming (705). From a very young age, girls are hit from every direction to have a thin body. Whether it is television, movies, or magazines. Having a tremendously thin body in today’s so ciety is what is expected. Hellmich’s purpose is to show the negative vibe models’ give off to the younger generations of girls. In the world today, girls feel as though if they do not look exactly like the models’ they see all over media, than they are over weight.She also points out that being thin is not the only issue people face. They also face the issue of being overweight, which also affects a person’s health (707). Hellmich does an outstanding job at showing us professional input using ethos. She points out that psychologist and eating-disorder experts think fashion industries have push models into dangerously unhealthy body types (705). Professor of psychiatrics in Chicago states, â€Å"super-thin models can play a role in causing anorexia† (706).The models that young girls of this time are looking up to are pushing themselves to develop a life stopping eating disorder. Pathos is found when we think about how young the impression of what a re bodies are suppose to look like begins. Researchers have found that young girls start getting this message as young as first grade (707). Even at an age as early as that they feel that the culture is telling them that they have to look like a model. Writers for magazines say that girls should not wish to look like the models they envy because they are â€Å"freaks of nature† (707).Sarah Murnen, a professor of psychology, conducted a study with girls ages ten and older on what level they had with their body esteem. More then 6,000 girls had poor body image from the exposure they had to fashion magazines, where as a trivial 18 percent rejected the image of models and felt comfortable with their bodies (707). Hellmich brings out numerous facts on the issue of body image in young girls. Glamour’s points out that they believe that every woman no matter what shape or size deserves respect. They do not run photographs of women who are at an unhealthy weight.Every woman can look wonderful without wearing a smaller size (708). This shows the majority of magazine producers are making it a priority to select women for their magazines who are of all shapes and sizes. The tone of this article is one of concerned and worried. Concern for the younger generations of girls and what they see as beautiful. As the seasons pass, ex-models are noticing the differences in the models weight. Psychologist and experts are beginning to worry about the influence models are having on very impressionable females.Over all, the article’s claims are effective. Showing girls who think looking like an extremely thin model is not the best choice. The terrible measures girls have to take to look like the world is telling them to look, can be dangerous and life taking. Works Cited Hellmich, Nanci, â€Å"Do Thin Models Warp Girls’ Body Image? † Pediatrics, Vol. 114, No. 3, September 2004. Rpt. in Elements of Argument: A Text and Reader. 10th ed. Annette T, Rott enberg and Donna Haisty Winchell. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012. 705-709. Print.

Oil Boom in Nigeria: What are the Socio-Economic Implications for Society from 1999-2014?

Chapter 1: Introduction Nigeria is one of the leading oil producing countries in the world. Nigeria’s economy was largely characterised by agricultural production alongside other consumer goods up to the 1980’s, when oil wealth took over the majority of the country’s economy. For more than three decades, Nigeria has exploited her oil resources for export. The emergence of oil as Nigeria’s main source of revenue has generated a number of questions regarding the significance of the oil wealth to the socio-economic development of Nigeria society. It has been commonly assumed that Nigeria’s large oil deposits would spur socio-economic growth and put the country among the world’s elite nations in terms of economic growth and social prosperity (Ian and Terry, 2003). Since independence from Great Britain in 1960, Nigerians have experienced a number of problems ranging from ethno-religious and sectarian conflicts to corruption. According to Gboyega (1996) the post-independe nt Nigeria is one that has bore the brunt of leadership-induced poverty instigated by corruption scandals, religious charlatanism, war, restiveness, political instability, series of dictatorial regimes, and failure to build basic amenities among other issues. Ironically, these challenges have intensified during the period when Nigeria experienced what is commonly referred to as the ‘oil boom’ (Gboyega, 1996, p.39). Julius-Adeoye (2010) believes that Nigeria’s severe socio-economic crisis started immediately after independence, when the country’s leaders plundered the nation’s resources with massive corruption allegations at the expense of citizens’ wellbeing; excuses that military generals used to mount coups from the civilian rulers. Whilst it was expected that the beginning of Nigeria’s democratically elected government in 1999 under the leadership of President Olesegun Obasanjo would see sudden change of fortunes for Nigerians, the country has not realised much progress in terms of social progress despite the much hyped economic growth (Salawu, 2010). Data indicate that Nigeria’s oil revenue hit US$ 300 billion in the last two decades alone (Balouga, 2009). But it is the rise in revenue (over USD$112 billion between 2004 and 2007 alone) during Obasanjo’s reign that has raised questions about the country’s priorities and socio-economic development plans. One question one would ask is; where did Nigeria got it wrong in terms of socio-economic developmentTo answer this question, there is need to understand how defining regimes of General Ibrahim Babangida and later Olesegun Obasanjo have contributed to the socio-economic slump of the resource-rich Nigeria. 1.1 Aim and Objectives This study aims to establish the implication of two leaders of Nigeria, General Ibrahim Babangida (1985-1993) and President Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007) on Nigeria’s oil and gas resource management and the socio-economic impact with General Babangida setting the pace in the years of misrule and mismanagement of national resources, he set a precedent that would later haunt the economic and social fabric of Nigeria and its people for later years. Sadly, the trend of inequality did not seem to end with military rule but extended with the civilian rule of the democratically elected government (Odebode, 2004).Research objectivesTo establish the role of General Babangida’s regime on the oil resource management and socio-economic development of Nigeria To identify the implication of President Obasanjo’s reign as a democratically elected leader on the oil resource management and socio-economic development of Nigeria To identify ways in which leadership can be used to ba lance Nigeria’s socio-economic development and improve oil resource management 1.2 Research Questions What is the significance of Babangida and Obasanjo’s regimes in the socio-economic development of Nigeria? What is the significance of oil wealth to the socio-economic development of Nigeria’s socio-economic development? What implications do the oil resources have on the local communities’ social integration and economic wellbeing? To what extent has the reigns of these leaders captured in the literature about Nigeria’s developmental agenda? Chapter 2: Literature Review There is a significant body of literature on Nigeria’s development framework. It has been described as having components of corruption, consumerism, failed socio-economic and political policies, and many other issues (Balouga, 2009; Odebode, 2004; Ian and Terry, 2003).Odebode (2004) observes that Nigeria’s socio-economic climate in the past four decades has neither promoted any kind of social and economic welfare that can insulate families from harsh market realities nor help them â€Å"benefit from market developments† (Odebode, 2004, p.12). This is despite massive revenue from oil production. Corruption has been at the core of Nigeria’s political and social developments independence, saddling between military and civilian regimes, which have regrettably institutionalised corruption in almost all government agencies. When General Ibrahim Babangida toppled General Muhammadu Buhari’s regime of less than two years in a bloodless in-house coup on 27th August 1985, the country saw thirteen years of corruption in Nigeria. It is generally agreed that during General Babangida’sregime corruption not only reached alarming high level rate but also became instutionalised. For instance, leaders who were found guilty by tribunals in the previous regimes of Murtala Mohammed and Mohammadu Buharu would later find their way back into the public life; recovering their seized properties allegedly acquired through corrupt means. Maduagwu (cited i n Gboyega, 1996, p.5) observes that that not only did Babangida regime entrench corruption when he pardoned corrupt government officials convicted in the previous regimes and allowed them to reclaim their seized properties, but also â€Å"officially sanctioned corruption in the country, making it difficult to apply the only potent measures, long prison terms and seizure of illegally acquired wealth† for fighting corruption in Nigeria in the future. The successive regimes after Babangida did little to stop corruption (Balouga, 2009). General Sani Abacha in just less than 4 months had ousted the interim government furthering the corruption menace and stagnating the socio-economic growth. The Abacha regime saw corruption reached its peak with plunder of national resources. The International Centre for Asset Recovery (2009) estimated that the Abacha family alone took up to US$ 4 billion from the public coffers. Salawu (2010) observes that the country’s populace is still ma rred with abject poverty, to the extent that it is not only being categorised amongst the world’s poorest nations but also graces the world’s most unequal countries list. Studies have estimated that about 70 percent of Nigeria’s population lives below poverty line, largely due to inequitable distribution of the national resources such as oil revenue limited access to basic amenities and social services such as healthcare (Salawu, 2010). Chapter 3: Research methodology and design The researcher proposes to use qualitative research method to increase the understanding of the attitudes, motivation and other non-numerical information. The study will seek to investigate these phenomena using structured and semi-structured questionnaires, interviews and observation. According to Panneerselvam (2004), qualitative approach to research is the most appropriate research method when studying issues that require in-depth understanding of issues. Panneerselvam (2004) advises that researchers intending to study societal issues such as corruption and governance should immerse themselves into the culture of the society and experience what is in the system. Qualitative research allows the researcher to practice the needed flexibility, thus the ability to amend the emerging sub-questions as they become more familiar with the people, culture and system construct (Panneerselvam, 2004, p.158). Qualitative research methods help researchers to collect non-numerical responses from r espondents using less-structured research instruments such as interviews, observation and ethnography. Ethnography uses fieldwork to provide a descriptive study of human society and presents the results as an organized whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. It is founded on the principle that a system’s individual properties cannot always be accurately understood independent of each other. Qualitative research is thus based on relatively small sample sizes and may evoke inherent challenges when larger sample sizes are needed. In-depth Case study This research will also adopt a case study as a research methodology. The case studies will focus on General Babangida’s regime and Obasanjo’s reign and draw any comparison and similarities in terms of socio-economic development. Case study as a research method is popular due to its ability to draw inspiration from the empirical curiosity and practicality (Stake, 1998). Although the researcher maybe interested in a wider question of socio-economic development of Nigeria, the case study will allow the researcher to specifically focus on issues of oil resource management, corruption, and leadership ideals. Case study is an important research method because it is able to combine other research strategies, hence the reason why it is often referred to as a meta-method (Stake, 1998). Gillham (2001) argues that a case study should not be viewed as more important than other research methodologies but should be seen as more suited for practice-oriented fields. That is, the abili ty of the researcher to act within a professional practice is dependent on the knowledge of a repertoire of cases. 3.1 Scope of the study This research will focus on oil resource management and its impact on socio-economic development in Nigeria. The focus will draw similarities and contrast between General Babangida’s regime (1985-1993) and Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007). References Balouga, J. (2009). The Niger Delta: Defusing the Time Bomb. International Association for Energy Economies 1 (3), 8-11. Gboyega, A. (1996). Corruption and Democratization in Nigeria. Ibadan: Agba Areo Publishers. International Centre for Asset Recovery. (2009, September). Sani Abacha. Retrieved on 25 August, 2014 from http://www.assetrecovery.org/ Gillham, B. (2001). Case Study Research Methods. London, New York: Continuum. Ian, G. and Terry, L. (2003). Bottom of the Barrel: Africa’s Oil Boom and the Poor. Stanford: Catholic Relief Services. Julius-Adeoye, R.J. Nigerian Playwrights and Official Corruption: a study of selected plays. In Oshionebo, B.,Mbachaga, J.D., eds. (2010). Literary Perspectives on Corruption in Africa 1. Markudi: Bookmakers, 2 (1), 5-17. Odebode, S. (2004). Husbands are Crowns: Livelihood Pathways of Low-Income Urban Yoruba Wwomen in Ibadan, Nigeria. The Hague: ISS, 11-12. Panneerselvam, R. (2004). Research Methodology. NY: PHI Learning Pvt. Salawu, B. ( 2010). Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Nigeria: Causal Analysis and Proposals for New Management Strategies. European Journal of Social Sciences 13(3), 345-353. Stake, R. (1998). â€Å"Case Studies† in: Norman Denzin & Yvonna Lincoln. (eds.): Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage.

Pet Sematary by Stephen King Essay

Setting: The novel, ‘Pet Sematary’ by Stephen King is set mostly in Ludlow, Maine. Aside from the fact that Stephen King often sets his novels in Maine, where he was born and grew up, the quiet and laid back atmosphere of this place which has a very small population (only 402 in 2000) has something to do with the novel. As catalyst for the novel, a particular ancient Indian burial ground is located within walking distance of the Creed family house in this locality. The value of this setting in this novel is its link with history. Ludlow is known to have a 1% American Indian Ancestry and this small ancestry is enough to validate the presence of the Micmac burial ground in the area. With a small population in the locality, it is most likely that most of the people in the place know about the burial ground which explains why a certain ‘Timmy’ in the novel is referred to as having being buried in the burial ground as well. This sets precedence in the story and explains hoe Jud is quite well-versed with the lore of this particular burial ground. The setting also helps to conceal whatever supernatural events that occur in the place therefore making it more believable that people from other places did not hear about the strange occurrences in the place. So, while it is a given that King always sets his novels in towns and counties in Maine, the choice of Ludlow for this novel is obviously intentional and is done to achieve certain effects and objectives; these basically, to make it more believable and to validate the link between the townsfolk and their apparent, inherent knowledge of the critical element of the novel which is the Micmac burial ground. Other than just these technical intentions of the author, it has to be understood that the tone of the novel is also often set by the setting. In this particular novel which starts out in a sleepy, almost passive town, the effect of having something strange and supernatural occurring serves to upset the status quo of the town. Of course, there is reference to a similar occurrence happening in the past, but this works to deepen the secret of the town and so consequently explain the hush-hush attitude of the people. Drop in a metropolitan family preoccupied with the more tangible representations of life, and a burial ground that is able to resurrect the dead, and the novel has the perfect setting for the materialization of the tangible desires of the alien family and the chaotic interplay between these values and the values of the townsfolk. Major characters: Louis Creed is the main character of the story and it is his family, starting with the family cat, and then his son, and finally his wife that fall victim to the demonic powers of the Micmac Burial ground. Creed is initially introduced to be indifferent and academic, but sympathetic and close to his family members. This is vital to his decisions later in the novel. His entrance into Ludlow, Maine sets in motion a series of events that serve to clearly emphasize the differences his family has with the people in the town; not only this, it also serves to create a contrast between the ideals of the people of the town as well as his own ideals. Creed is used in the novel to foreshadow the events that would follow with their moving to Ludlow because it is his dream of a certain university student that leads him to the burial ground in the metaphysical sense. However, more than just the reality that the novel revolves around this main character, Jud, another character in the story, a friend of Louis plays a very important role in setting in motion the chain of events that lead to the demonic corruption of the Creed family. Jud and Louis are at the different ends of the supernatural spectrum in Pet Sematary – Jud is at the initiating end and Louis at the receiving end of the initiation. Jud is a local of Ludlow and has witnessed certain events in the past connected to the powers of the Micmac burial ground so as a favor to Louis who was instrumental in saving his wife from a fatal heart attack, he takes the family cat of the Creeds which was run over by a truck to the ancient burial ground after which the cat returns to life. This is the first incident that involves the Creeds and the burial ground, so in effect, Jud is the instrument of paradox because it is through him that the novel begins to plummet towards its gruesome and quite horrific climax. Horror Fiction Formula: Of course, Pet Sematary, being set in Ludlow, Maine apparently begins with the concept of the Apollonian community. However, a distinct characteristic of this particular novel is the fact that the community is not at all Apollonian in the truest sense of the concept because as the novel unfolds, it reveals that in fact, the Micmac burial ground and its demons has had its victims in the past, this being Timmy, who was killed along with his father when their house was burned down. In effect, the Creeds arrive into the community at a period when it is seemingly Apollonian, but in reality, is merely in a transition period from its dark past to another, darker future. This is important in the novel because the Dionysian force comes through an instrument, Jud, who has experienced the irruption in the past in the person of Timmy. So, it is Jud who becomes the harbinger of the Dionysian force, which in this novel, is the evil that resides in the Micmac burial ground. The strange thing about this novel is the fact that even with Jud’s knowledge of the degree of evil of the Dionysian force he still risks this by entering the Creed’s family cat into the grounds of the ancient burial site, even with the knowledge of what the consequences could be. The resurrection of the cat in the novel is the irruption in the novel because it is the manifestation of the Dionysian force, albeit still quite genteel, it actually escalates as Louis Creed decides to inter his son into the ancient burial site. The only time that the novel deviates from the horror formula is when the novel moves towards its ending, where instead of pursuing the Dionysian force to put a stop to it or to defeat it, Louis Creed is devoured by the temptation of bringing back his wife, perhaps also blinded by his loneliness and depression. The novel ends with implications of the wife actually returning from the dead. So, although, there is no pursuit of the Dionysian force, the novel still ends the way it should according to the formula with implications that the Dionysian force was not in fact defeated or destroyed. Levels of horror: Perhaps the reason why this novel is so successful and so enjoyed by many horror fans is the fact that it operates on the three levels of horror in an escalating manner. In the beginning, the Apollonian community is merely gripped by its dark past and the burial ground is nothing but a folkloric piece of land behind a pet cemetery. In this part of the novel, it operates on terror because while many people from the town know of the legend of the burial ground and were witnesses to its demonic powers, the knowledge is still on the level of intangibility, like a rumor going around town. Later, when the Dionysian force manifests itself in the form of the cat, a mild form of horror begins to emerge which is the resurrected cat – more aggressive, more hostile, and possessing the qualities of a dead animal. So, in this sense, the Dionysian force acquires a face or some form of tangibility. The horror becomes more pronounced with the resurrection of Louis’ son, Gage. This time, the Dionysian force becomes more vivid as Gage is more demonic and more evil. This newly resurrected creature then kills Jud which then transforms the horror into revulsion because along with Jud, the monster kills Rachel. King implies in the story that Gage partially eats the corpse of Rachel. This adds to the revulsion. The end of the novel adds more to this third level of horror by turning the evil inside out. In effect, instead of the horror merely manifesting itself in the resurrected corpses, it begins to eat through the sanity of the last remaining protagonist, Louis. So, the revulsion takes a final twist, when because of the insanity of Louis, he also buries his wife in the burial site and his wife returns. In effect, the monstrosity has transcended from being limited only to the dead coming back to the living finally concurring with its evil.

Discursive Essay

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of three of the following as media for communicating information. State which you consider to be the most effective. †¢ comics †¢ books †¢ radio †¢ television †¢ film †¢ theatre The role of media is no longer able to be separated from information. As it is a very important element in the information delivery, there are various kinds of media existed nowadays. Among those media, television, radio, and film are mostly favorite choices of people around the world. Radio is a media which has been used for decades but still keep its uniqueness as its greatest power.People love hearing news from radio because they could get it for free. Plus, they can do it everywhere they are. They can do it at home, in the office or on the way to certain place. However, radio has some weaknesses. One of them is give people a limitation in seeing the visual. In many cases, the importance of need to see the visual of the information give n is very high. Film is also considered as a favorite media for people because it is able to give a lot of information in a very interactive ways.We can even learn history which is considered boring for some people by watching movie. Nevertheless, the number of film that people can watch is very limited because it takes a quite long time to enjoy one full movie. The last media that influence alot in human’s life is television. There will always a television existed in a house. Not only one, sometimes there are more than two or three televisions in a house. It makes the use of this media can’t be monitored by adults regularly. This condition can be harmful for children as they can access it freely.Moreover, unlike any other media, there is nothing can be done to prevent them to get access to some inappropriate shows for children under age. Besides, there is a high tendency for someone to get addicted to it. It could happen to children, or even adults. When it happens to someone, it will definitely give him or her some disadvantages. They will not be able to give full focus on things that they currently do as they are bothered with this problem. Further, television is a media with a very high number of advertisements.There are thousands of advertisements showed up in television every day. These advertisements take a big role in changing someone’s shopping habit. It has a great power to influence the audience to be very consumptive in life. The audience might get high impulse to buy things that they even really need. On the other hand, television is proved as a great companion in every house. Television could be a great media to take away stress that the owner might get after working all day long. The show can be accessed for free, so someone does not have to spend some amount of money to have it.Besides, the owner does not have to get out of his or her house to enjoy the show. They just need to turn their television on and sit calmly. Moreov er, television provides thousands of information from its shows. It provides news that is updated regularly. As a plus, the audience could also get the visualization of the updated events happened. It seems that television has erased distance gap among countries all over the world so we could get current news from other countries in a very short time.Plus, television gives a lot of job opportunities for many people. They can work as newscaster, reporter, script writer, producers, and other jobs by the existence of television. It can be categorized as a big business as well, so it needs a lot of personnel to support. It means that more people could get work from it. In conclusion, I think television has brought more influence on human’s life because it provides more benefits for our life compared to other media such as radio Discursive Essay Compare the advantages and disadvantages of three of the following as media for communicating information. State which you consider to be the most effective. †¢ comics †¢ books †¢ radio †¢ television †¢ film †¢ theatre The role of media is no longer able to be separated from information. As it is a very important element in the information delivery, there are various kinds of media existed nowadays. Among those media, television, radio, and film are mostly favorite choices of people around the world. Radio is a media which has been used for decades but still keep its uniqueness as its greatest power.People love hearing news from radio because they could get it for free. Plus, they can do it everywhere they are. They can do it at home, in the office or on the way to certain place. However, radio has some weaknesses. One of them is give people a limitation in seeing the visual. In many cases, the importance of need to see the visual of the information give n is very high. Film is also considered as a favorite media for people because it is able to give a lot of information in a very interactive ways.We can even learn history which is considered boring for some people by watching movie. Nevertheless, the number of film that people can watch is very limited because it takes a quite long time to enjoy one full movie. The last media that influence alot in human’s life is television. There will always a television existed in a house. Not only one, sometimes there are more than two or three televisions in a house. It makes the use of this media can’t be monitored by adults regularly. This condition can be harmful for children as they can access it freely.Moreover, unlike any other media, there is nothing can be done to prevent them to get access to some inappropriate shows for children under age. Besides, there is a high tendency for someone to get addicted to it. It could happen to children, or even adults. When it happens to someone, it will definitely give him or her some disadvantages. They will not be able to give full focus on things that they currently do as they are bothered with this problem. Further, television is a media with a very high number of advertisements.There are thousands of advertisements showed up in television every day. These advertisements take a big role in changing someone’s shopping habit. It has a great power to influence the audience to be very consumptive in life. The audience might get high impulse to buy things that they even really need. On the other hand, television is proved as a great companion in every house. Television could be a great media to take away stress that the owner might get after working all day long. The show can be accessed for free, so someone does not have to spend some amount of money to have it.Besides, the owner does not have to get out of his or her house to enjoy the show. They just need to turn their television on and sit calmly. Moreov er, television provides thousands of information from its shows. It provides news that is updated regularly. As a plus, the audience could also get the visualization of the updated events happened. It seems that television has erased distance gap among countries all over the world so we could get current news from other countries in a very short time.Plus, television gives a lot of job opportunities for many people. They can work as newscaster, reporter, script writer, producers, and other jobs by the existence of television. It can be categorized as a big business as well, so it needs a lot of personnel to support. It means that more people could get work from it. In conclusion, I think television has brought more influence on human’s life because it provides more benefits for our life compared to other media such as radio

How Industrialization is Evaluated in Relation to the Industrial Assignment

How Industrialization is Evaluated in Relation to the Industrial Worker - Assignment Example Elizabeth Poole Sanford the middle class women were also affected by industrialization. The wealth and position of this women rose in a changing economic environment. An excerpt from Woman in Her Social and Domestic Character (1842), written by Mrs. John Sanford can draw arguments on how industrialization should be evaluated from a woman’s perspective. The excerpt considers the woman’s ideal function in relation to her husband. The debate in this case can revolve around the superstition that men have towards women and work, the role of a husband in relation to his wife. With industrialization and women trying to work would mean that she would become independent which was not the case before industrialization. In the excerpt â€Å"a really sensible woman feels her dependence, she does what she can; but she is conscious of inferiority and therefore grateful for support†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The debate would therefore be narrowed down to the power of woman in the arena of industri alization. Ch. 23, Q.2Conservatism and liberalism was characterized by the many political developments that occurred during the period when there was numerous eruption of revolution in Europe. Romanticism was the most important of these reflecting in different ways, both conservatism and liberalism. . Romanticism rejected the formalism of the previously dominant classical style and it didn’t limit itself to the enlightenment rationalism or the stark realism of everyday life, and emphasized emotion and freedom.

Poverty and Social Exclusion of Refugees and Asylum Seekers Essay

Poverty and Social Exclusion of Refugees and Asylum Seekers - Essay Example This discussion is on the poverty and social exclusion of refugees and asylum seekers in United Kingdom. The refugees and the asylum seekers is the community of those human beings which has migrated from their home land and settle down in some another country. Poverty and social exclusion is the major problem among these people. Before actually discussing about the problem of the poverty and social exclusion lets discuss about the term poverty and social exclusion. Poverty can be defined in the following way. Poverty researchers commonly define poverty â€Å"as having insufficient resources to meet socially recognized needs and to participate in the wider society. Other definition is set up by UK government is that poverty means ‘lack of income and access to good quality health, education and housing, and the quality of local environment’   Thus in UK the person is called poor if his total income is less than 60% of the national average. The term poverty is divided in to two different categories, first is pathological poverty and second is structural poverty. Pathological poverty is that type of poverty which has to face the person because of his characteristic or his attitude and his approach. If the person is not able to grasp any skill necessary for employment or if he or she has chosen some wrong path in the life he has to face poverty. Pathological poverty is individual oriented and it is totally individual and not the society who is responsible for the poverty. Structural poverty is that types of poverty in which the social factors are responsible for the poverty of the people. It is the poverty of the entire community and not a particular person.

Final Questions 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Questions 2 - Essay Example Thus Presidents Bill Clinton and Dwight D. Eisenhower have enjoyed wide popularity and acclaimed great by virtue of the prosperous times they served the nation (Griffin and Hines, 2008). President Abraham Lincoln, in my humble opinion, is undoubtedly the best American president. He stood firm in ensuring the victory of the Federal Government over the seceding Southern States during the American civil war. The victory, indeed, changed the America history as it not only led to consolidation of the union, but also led to the emancipation of African-Americans from the bonds of slavery. Furthermore, Abraham Lincoln beliefs and actions are foundations of many American’s ideas. For instance, his definition of democracy as the government of the people, by the people and for the people has become the universally accepted definition of democracy. Franklin D. Roosevelt had enormous impact on American history. He fought and won two of the greatest threat to the America – the Great Depression and the World War II. His aggressive and well implemented New Deal Program changed American history while his focused and committed leadership led to the defect of the Allies forces during the Second World War. While some presidents become great by influencing the time they served, others become great by virtue of the time they serve.

International Relations Course Informal Personal Intro Essay

International Relations Course Informal Personal Intro - Essay Example Therefore, the values gathered from this cause can be used in my life to foster peace in our country through interrelations, despite of their race, creed or nationality. In this case, by understanding these values, I will be able to interact with people of different background; despite the differences caused by diversity in our daily lives, and I can also avoid conflicts and resolve them whenever they arise. I have high expectations of acquiring a chance for developing diverse virtuals that will facilitate the process of becoming someone who can make a positive contribution in the world. Moreover, through this course I expect to gather skills for interrelation that will enable forming networks of mutual responsibility and a platform for sharing potential with other people around the world. I also expect to meet a highly dedicated instructor in this course, who can offer a chance to share my commitment as a student throughout the course. Moreover, I hope the course will facilitate the process of building my capabilities and character of virtuous and responsible individual, who can contribute in making the world a better place for others and me. I also expect the instructor to be honest, fair, to have critical rigor and to be a source of inspiration to the students. Furthermore, I hope that we will utilize the time offered during this course to learn and for the fair purpose that is benef icial to all students. Â   Studying this course will enable gathering of knowledge and insights that can facilitate building of intercultural competencies, and sustainable disposition. Therefore, this will enable others and me to relate and build a form of interdependence, whereby facilitating globalization. The course will also make a vital contribution in development of new perception towards political reality. Therefore, this will enable building of critical and reflexive knowledge, practical values, relations that will facilitate good coexistence. Knowledge

Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Analysis paper - Essay Example reations inspired by phenomenal aspects related to human emotions and cognition to serve its function, and developed from one or multiple of art elements. Production of art utilises different components. Artists produce different effects using elements such as colour, textures, shapes, lines, dimension and space. The ability to use lines of diverse lengths and thicknesses and taking a particular direction tend to signal an action that perhaps other elements cannot produce. Colour has got critical purpose in producing effects whether used alone or in structures produced using other elements as shapes. It benefits the art through the hue, its intensity in brightness or dullness and value in terms of lightness or darkness. By joining lines together, flat shapes, either geometric or irregular forms can be created to express drawings. Art can arise from use of 3-dimentional objects that allow the artists to control their appearance. Such structures are expressed through length, width and height. Texture gives the feel of an art (e.g. rough or smooth) and allows viewers to relate with it as they do in reality. Art can also be produced under the illusion of space. Art productions grow with time and are inspired by certain happenings in particular moments. Some art pieces were created several centuries ago, but have been recreated severally which all show certain divergence in appearance, finishing and aesthetic quality. Art has proved not to be limited by time. Hence an art piece can best be described in the time it was developed. It has transformed from the stone-age art when expressions were mere carvings and sculpts on the walls and stones. Then came the clay works, but today they have expanded to the computer aided graphics. It’s not merely about a tangible piece, but more of feel as in choreography and music. Art has come to encompass great dynamism and complexities through use of advanced technology to incorporate motions and different visual impressions that