Politics and its affect on the olympics :: essays research papers

Legislative issues is the craftsmanship or study of government or administering, particularly the overseeing of a political element, for example, a country, and the organization and control of its inner and outside issues. The Olympic Games is an occasion held at regular intervals, which remembers an assortment of game exercises for which various nations contend with each other. â€Å"Sport is as often as possible an apparatus of tact. By sending designations of competitors to another country, states can set up a first reason for conciliatory relations or can all the more viably keep up such relations† (Espy 3). One may imagine that legislative issues and the Olympics have nothing to do with one another, yet in certainty they do share a great deal for all intents and purpose. How did legislative issues influence the Olympic Games in 1936, 1968 and 1972?      In 1934, the demise of President Hindenburg of Germany expelled the final deterrent for Adolf Hitler to expect power. Before long, he announced himself President and Fuehrer, which implies â€Å"supreme leader†. That was only the start of what might right around 12 years of Jewish oppression in Germany, mostly on account of Hitler’s scorn towards the Jews. It is hard to question that Hitler truly dreaded and loathed Jews. His entire presence was driven by an over the top hating of them (Hart-Davis 14). In 1935, the U.S. chosen to go to the ‘36 Berlin games, despite the fact that the United States knew how Hitler was aggrieving the Jews. By July 1933, at any rate 27,000 individuals had been set in what Hitler jumped at the chance to call â€Å"detention camps† (Hart-Davis 16). In mid 1932 at an IOC meeting in Barcelona, the panel chose to give Germany the privilege to the 1936 Olympic Games, which permitted Germany to reestablish their athletic notoriety that they lost on account of the episode of World War I. Everywhere throughout the world, there was a clamor to blacklist or possibly change the area of the ‘36 Olympics. The IOC’s first reaction was that they had allowed Germany the Olympic site before the Nazis’ came to control. All over Germany before the Olympic Games were signs that read Juden Unerwunscht, or â€Å"Jews not wanted.† â€Å"The racial separation so evident and purposeful was beyond what some outside games associations coul d stomach. Aside from being hostile to ordinary individuals, the Nazi disposition was additionally oppositely restricted to the rule of free rivalry on which the Olympics should based† (Hart Davis 62). More than anyplace else, activity against what was going on in Germany mounted all the more rapidly in the United States, particularly in New York, where there were very nearly 2 million Jews living (Hart Davis 62).

International Trade Operations in Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Worldwide Trade Operations in Egypt - Essay Example The paper advises that Egypt happens to be the most populated Arab country. It likewise happens to be the second most populated African Nation. A large portion of the number of inhabitants in Egypt is moved in the enormous urban communities like Alexandria and Cairo and in and around the Delta of the Nile Valley. The populace in the rustic territories in Egypt is on the decrease in light of the fact that countless Egyptian populaces are relocating to the urban center points to survey a superior way of life and to profit by the monetary improvement occurring in these urban center points. Egypt could be characterized to be a knowledgeable country with its education rate being 71.4 percent. In Egypt instruction is let loose right to the college level and it is obligatory from age 6 through 15. The long standing Egyptian President, Hosni Mubarak needed to leave following huge scope political fights in the country, transcendently drove by the youngsters. In the year 2004, the Egyptian gov ernment started enormous scope financial changes planned for privatizing the misfortune making open division units and excusing the duties and expenses. Egypt encountered an honorable financial development, resting at 7 percent till the year 2008. Be that as it may, with the beginning of the worldwide monetary emergency, the financial development went underneath the previous 7 percent mark. Thinking about the ongoing, far reaching political fights in Egypt, the pace of monetary development could be required to stay low for the time. Notwithstanding, it could sensibly be expected that Egypt is steadily moving towards a vote based, parliamentary type of government. With the inception of the political changes, the Egyptian economy could well be relied upon to adjust further to the Global financial patterns and Practices. Slide II Egypt isn't just the home to a quickly developing populace, in any case, interestingly, a dominant part of the Egyptian populace includes youngsters and the m atured comprise a miniscule of the Egyptian populace. It is a reality confirmed by conventional that youngsters are typically increasingly open to new thoughts, methods of getting things done, items and administrations. In addition, youngsters are generally progressively educated about the worldwide patterns be they political, monetary or culinary. Additionally considering the huge size of the populace that for the most part contains youngsters, Egypt should import more food items to take care of it. Passing by the way that the greater part of the Egyptian cultivating and journal is moved in the Nile Valley, which includes a small arable land, not equipped for creating enough food to take care of the enormous Egyptian populace, it could well be normal that in the occasions to come, Egypt should depend outwardly sources to take care of its quickly developing populace. Additionally, passing by the grouping of youngsters in the Egyptian populace, in the occasions to come it could secur ely be accepted this generally youthful populace will display a checked inclination for outside nourishments and culinary enjoyments. In that unique circumstance, it is an auspicious time for the Content Cow Diary to send out its items to Egypt. On the off chance that it invasions into the Egyptian markets at this moment, it could logically hope to unite its situation in the Egyptian markets, in the occasions to come. Slide III International exchange to an enormous degree is controlled by the free interaction of interest and flexibly and the economies of scale that changed countries order with regards to explicit items. In the event that one ganders at the GDP of Egypt, one could without much of a stretch see that the horticulture segment contributes a small 14.4 percent to the national GDP (CIA The World FactBook, 2012). Conversely, different mainstays of the Egyptian economy that are industry and administrations segment contribute 39.5 percent and 45.8 percent separately to the na tional GDP (CIA The World FactBook, 2012). Hence, it will hush up reasonable to accept that the farming part in Egypt isn't very much evolved and modernized and couldn't be relied upon to produce enough to have the option to take care of

10 Tactics To Get More Comments On Your Blog

10 Tactics To Get More Comments On Your Blog Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!10 Tactics To Get More Comments On Your BlogUpdated On 05/04/2017Author : Pavan BawdaneTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://bit.ly/2ozwR3F CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIt’s really difficult to find attention of your blog readers and covert the same to get more comments on your blog posts. The comments or rather those comments which provide value to your blog posts are like sweets and confidence boosters for bloggers. It is very well-known truth that getting more comments on your blog would definitely make it popular and better. The first thing you must understand is that it is possible to get more comments but it will happen only when the reader finds an article to be interesting and astonishing.1. Questioning your readersQuestioning your readers is one of the best ways to engage your readers in conversation and subsequently to get more comments. In fact, a reader will never comment on your blog unless he himself has any doubt or want to drop a link of his latest article etc. The second option is more precisely chosen by newbie bloggers however it is not always true. By questioning your readers, you’ll be asking your readers to present their personal views on the respective topic.2.  Answering commentators doubtsIt is always a good practice to answer or clear the doubt of your readers instead of avoiding them. It is perhaps the best way to keep the conversation going and flood it with valuable comments. Also, interacting and putting your own views on the commentator’s comment will definitely keep the atmosphere around your blog a bit engaging and super healthy.3. Exchanging the commentsIt is well-known fact that most of the people across the world would only do something in exchange of something that they desire. Comments are no exception to this and if you’re expecting valuable comments on your blog then you must put valuable comments on other blogs. The best way to exchange the comments would be by building a relationship with other fellow bloggers. Arrange a meet-up with them and have a cup of coffee (or tea or whatever that keeps you relaxed).4. GiveawaysThe well-known fact which I discussed earlier applies here as well. As a loyal reader, I would certainly love to win freebies. If you’re thinking in a way that giving away freebies might just put you in trouble with respect to money then it’s totally wrong. Rather, think in a way that you’re investing some bucks on building your social presence and popularity. And for your info, giveaways do attract people and might just get you a viral traffic if the product you’re giving away is popular enough. Finally, you can try to put a question regarding the giveaway to get more comments.5.  Controversial PostsIt is very likely to get more comments on controversial posts or debatable articles than those with general titles. Reading an article title of such cont roversial posts provokes a reader to check it and post his personal opinion. The only time when you need to be careful is while posting your views about the respective controversial posts.READSmall But Effective Ways To Promote Your Business6. Promoting the way it should beIf you’ve launched a new blog or product that needs an initial promotion then make sure you start it with your own primary blog. Even if the new blog or product is totally un-related to your primary blog it does makes some sense to make the promotion. First of all, be open and mention that it is a promotional post. Let your readers decide whether they are interested in taking a look at it or not.7. Sending TrackbacksAre you aware of what trackbacks means? In simple words, when you link an external link, the blog owner is notified of the same. He is told that a trackback has been received from your blog and he must accept or decline the same. It will definitely amaze the blog owner and he or she might just check back the respective article and leave a comment.8. Appearance does mattersAll right! Who would like to check a messy web page even if the content is valuable and informative? I would simply close the tab and hunt down other websites rather than wasting my time in collecting that information. So, my point here is; take extra efforts on deciding which presentation technique is working best for your blog and apply the same for rest of your blog posts.9. Swapping the article ingredientsIt might just seem boring to your readers if you’re simply writing articles in same fashion for months. Go ahead and give a try to various other article ingredients such as infographics and videos once in a month to refresh your readers.10. Commenting SystemI should have talked about this initially but I thought about discussing the issue at the end. A good and hassle free commenting system is a good way to get more comments. Also, asking your readers a CAPTCHA or other verification code would most prob ably restrict them from commenting. Instead, use a good plugin such as GASP or Akismet to control the spam comments.Putting final words â€" It’s very difficult to sum up the final words from above ten points but if I’ve to do it, I’ll simply ask you to deliver a well-researched and quality article and then following all the above tactics one by one.Few useful WordPress Comment PluginsIf your blog is taking bunch of seconds to validate and post a comment by reloading the entire web page then it’s time to give a try to WP-Ajaxify-CommentsIf  youve  a blog which  focuses  on images then Comment Images might just help your readers in putting images in comments.

Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 955 Words

Things Fall Apart In Things Fall Apart, author Chinua Achebe tells the story of Igbo tribesman, Okonkwo, and his village during the time preceding Nigerian colonization by Europeans. Igbo society is highly patriarchal and women are devalued and disrespected, regarded as possessions. The culture is built on extreme superstition that permeates every aspect of their lives and holds them back at times. Okonkwo has misplaced values that lead him to ruin. Although history has shown that there was nothing that the Igbo people could do to stop the eventual takeover by Europeans, it is possible that they could have saved themselves and, at least, delayed the inevitable. For both Okonkwo and Igbo society, things fell apart because they failed to value what was really important in favor of things that were not only meaningless, but, ultimately, detrimental. In Igbo society, where masculinity and physical prowess are defining traits of the men, women are, disappointingly, yet unsurprisingly, und ervalued. Girls and young women are sold by their fathers for a â€Å"bride-price† and they become the property of their husbands. Igbos are polygamous and each man has as many wives as he can afford. As such, women are little more than a measure of a man’s wealth. The women do not have any say in decisions that are made and they are discouraged from asking questions. They may be beaten by their husbands for whatever reason. Okonkwo beats one of his wives because she is not home in enough time toShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1719 Words   |  7 PagesThings fall apart is a classic novel written around the turn of the century, the novel focuses on the protagonist who we can also call a hero, Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a wealthy and respected leader within the Igbo tribe of Umuofia in eastern Nigeria. Strong individual with a passionate belief in all the values and traditions of his people. Chinua Achebe presents Okonkwo as a particular kind of tragic prot agonist, a great man who carries the fate of his people. Okonkwo is a man who is inflexible andRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1033 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Chinua Achebe is a famous Nigerian novelist in worldwide. Things fall apart is Chinua Achebe’s first novel published in 1958, the year after Ghana became the first African nation to gain independence. And this novel is one of the first African novels to gain worldwide recognition. (Phil Mongredien, 2010) This novel presents people a story of an African Igbo tribal hero, Okonkwo, from his growth to death. The fate of Okonkwo also indicates the fate of Africa caused by the colonizationRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart883 Words   |  4 Pagesdehumanize the native population and convince themselves that they are helping. Chinua Achebe’s book Things Fall Apart attempts to correct these misguided views of African societies by portraying a more complex culture that values peace, and the art of conversation. Achebe also tries to portray the idea that not all European people they come in contact with are aggressive, and misconstrued in their view of the African societ ies. Achebe tries to show us the value of his society through repeated views into conversationsRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1410 Words   |  6 PagesTeddy Manfre Ms. Blass ENG 209-001 April 24, 2017 Things Fall Apart In 1958, Chinua Achebe a famous Nigerian author publishes one of his most famous novels Things Fall Apart. The novel takes place in a Nigerian village called Umuofia. During the time that this novel is published Nigeria is being criticized by the Europeans for being uncivilized. In response, Achebe uses his brilliance in this novel to express the valued history of his people to his audience. His focus in the novel is on the pre-colonizedRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1015 Words   |  5 PagesIn his novel Things Fall Apart, author Chinua Achebe utilizes his distinctive writing style in order to accurately capture the culture and customs of the Igbo people despite writing his story in a foreign language. Five aspects of Achebe’s style that make his writing unique is the straightforward diction present in dialogue, the inclusion of native parables convey Igbo life authentically, the inclusion of native Igbo words and phrases, detailed descriptions of nature and the usage of figurative languageRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1702 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Things Fall Apart Biographical information about the author: Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria in 1930. He had an early career as a radio host, and later became the Senior Research Fellow at the University of Nigeria. After moving to America, he became an English professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Achebe has won numerous awards for his poetry and fiction, including the Man Booker prize and Commonwealth Poetry Price. He currently teaches at Bard College. Author: Chinua AchebeRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesCulture is an Important Element of Society Chinua Achebe is the author of when Things Fall Apart while Joseph Conrad authored Heart of Darkness. Conrad and Achebe set their individual titles in Africa; Achebe is an African writer whereas Conrad is Polish-British. The authors draw strength from their backgrounds to validity the authenticity of their fictional novels. Conrad writes from his experiences in the British and French navies while Achebe uses his African heritage. The theme of culture isRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1248 Words   |  5 PagesChris Lowndes Ms. Cook A.P.L.C. 21 October 2015 We Are Family: Hardships in One s Family in Things Fall Apart Specific attributes correlate with each other to help create or not create the ideal strong family. However, through those attributes arise conflicts and major disputes. This issue of trying to achieve and create a strong family is of immense importance in one’s life, especially in Chinua Achebe’s, Things Fall Apart, a milestone in African literature. For instance, the father leaves his legacyRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagescertain degree of the priest class, libation, holidays, creation stories, divine systems of punishments and rewards. In the novel, Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a story of tragic fall of a protagonist and the Igbo culture. Achebe demonstrates different examples and situations of where an African culture, in the instances of tribal religions, did certain things because of their tradition is and the way they developed into. African cultures pondered life mysteries and articulated theirRead Mo reChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1314 Words   |  6 PagesChinua Achebe masterpiece â€Å"Things Fall Apart† (1959) is the classic story of Okonkwo, a young man who strives to be revered by his village and family but because of his own internal character flaws meets his own demise. In the Igbo culture, family traditions are an important narrative throughout the novel. Okonkwo, the protagonist character of this story, begins with many attributes of what would be concluded as a hero with his cultural society. He is hard working, a material provider, feared and

Compare and Contrast the 2 Brothers in Sonnys Blues Essays

The story, Sonny’s Blues, describes the lives of two brothers growing up in Harlem in the early 1960’s. Sonny and his brother are different in the way the go about life in general. They were both raised in the same household, yet they grew up to be totally different people. As the story progresses we see that both brothers have troubles in their lives and we get to see how each thinks and acts when facing such ordeals. While the brothers differ in the way they internalize and cope with their problems, they both show selfish characteristics, but ultimately feel remorseful for not being in each others’ lives. The narrator though an educator, is not very good at verbalizing his emotions. He tends to be the person who keeps everything inside†¦show more content†¦At first he turns to music to fix his problems, and then heroin. Sonny left school, and joined the navy to get as far away from Harlem as he possibly could. When Sonny returns from prison, he tried e xplaining to his brother what music does for him, â€Å"Its not so much to play. Its to stand it, to be able to make it at all. On any level(Baldwin). He frowned and smiled: In order to keep from shaking to pieces.† He didn’t want to be a prisoner of Harlem anymore, but became a prisoner to heroin. At first Sonny did not feel that heroin was necessarily a bad thing, â€Å"It makes you feel-in control. Sometimes youve got to have that feeling (Baldwin). Sonny feels that even while all doped up on heroin, he feels in control of his life and his circumstances. Even though Sonny takes on different approaches in finding sense in his life; whether through the army, music, or heroin, they do not realistically solve any of his problems they just mask his confusion and indecision temporarily. In my opinion the narrator, is a very selfish man, he only cares about his feelings and not those around him. The narrator broke his promise to his mother to take care of Sonny, â€Å"Two days later I was married, and then I was gone. And I had a lot of things on my mind and I pretty well forgot my promise to Mama until I got shipped home on a special furlough for her funeral† (Baldwin). The narrator’s mother wanted the boys to be close, because they will only

How Obesity Is A Disease - 2861 Words

The United States should categorize obesity as a disease and also guide its citizens to pursue exercise and healthy diet. The U.S. can guide people by changing the kind of food schools give teens and provide programs to involve students. Those are two things that can motivate teens to do something good. Also, limit the use of technology or internet because today that s what takes up their time. The problem with obesity is that with the passing of time, the percentage of obesity increases in the United States. More than one billion adults are overweight, and of these, at least 300 million are obese. As the percentage goes up, the more people die from different kinds of diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, heart diseases. This situation needs to be controlled because globally many people are dying annually. The following paragraphs will explain how obesity can be a disease and suggestions on how you can have a healthier diet. A close investigation of obesity in the United State s will make it clear as to the reasons why children, teens, and adult death are connected to eating all kind of junk food. These alarming statistics can be prevented. Obesity mainly â€Å"occurs when you eat and drink more calories than you burn through exercise and normal daily activities† (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). That’s the reason that people store those calories as fat in their body and become an overweight person. This problem began between 1906 and 1994 (Health Matters 84). It still one of theShow MoreRelatedObesity : A Disease?1223 Words   |  5 Pages126 12 February 2017 Obesity, A Disease Per the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, more than 35 percent of American adults are obese, more than 34 percent is overweight, and 17 percent of the children from the United States are affected by obesity. Most people disregard the fact that Obesity is a known disease that affects our future and youth, but unlike most people I would rather save this human from their disease, by telling them they are unhealthyRead MoreShould Obesity Be Considered As A Medical Disease?1548 Words   |  7 PagesShould Obesity Be Considered As a Medical Disease? Keeli Bao University of Iowa â€Æ' People are usually identified as obese based on their Body Mass Index (BMI). The average BMI is ranged from 18.5 to 24.9, and overweight BMI is 25-29.9 (Defining Overweight and Obesity, 2012). When a person’s BMI reaches 30 and above, he or she is probably obese. At least one out of three people in United States suffer from obesity which means one third of the nation population needs treatment. In 2013, obesity has beenRead MoreObesity As A Disease Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pages(36.5%) of adults in the United States are obese. Obesity is defined as a weight that is higher than what is considered as a healthy weight. Body Mass Index (BMI) is used as a screening tool for overweight and obesity. According to the World Health Organization, worldwide obesity has nearly doubled since 1980. In 2016, 39% of women and 29% of men over the age of 18 were overweight. Today, around one in five children, ages 6-19 are obese. The obesity epidemic only continues to worsen in the United Stat esRead MoreDemographics And Diseases Trends May Influence The Delivery Of Health Care Services1701 Words   |  7 Pagesand Diseases Trends likely to influence the Delivery of Health Care Services.† Starting with the age group population in the United States at ten to twenty years, then obesity, and then the future to adapt to the health care services. However, the factors that can identify are the environment support and change of trends. In the passage, the writer will talk about aging obesity, and the future of the health care provided. The common diseases examples that will be listed and the aging, obesity, andRead MoreThe American Medical Association (AMA) has declared obesity a disease. Obesity means that an900 Words   |  4 PagesMedical Association (AMA) has declared obesity a disease. Obesity means that an individual has too much body weight that could possibly cause a health risk. Having a body-mass index (BMI) of 35 or higher makes an individual morbidly obese. A healthy BMI would be from 20 to 24.9. The United States has one of the highest obesity rates in the world with an estimated of 36% of American adults suffering from it. It is important to not label obesity as a disease because it leads 78 million adults and 12Read MoreObesity Is A Disease, By Dr. Mitchell Roslin1224 Words   |  5 Pageshealth in United States, what generally pops up in mind? Many people might think of several diseases, for instance stroke and cancer, but nobody thinks about the existing disease, Obesity, which is becoming one of the leading problems in the United States. One of the definitions of Obesity is growth of redundant fat in the body. This is an everyday life disease that spreads rapid universally. Today, obesity affects people of all ages, gender, and ethnicity. As most of the Americans know that thisRead MoreHuman Related Obesity1090 Words   |  4 PagesIs obesity a disease or a human related cause? Researchers have studied this question for years and have come to a variety of different conclusions. Some believe that obesity is a disease and can only be prevented by medications, while others believe that obesity is a human related cause and can be only prevented by a healthy diet and exercise. The American Medical Association (AMA) recently announced that obesity is officially a disease. Dr. Patrice Harris, a member of the American Medical AssociationRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On Health Economics Of The United States1024 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch paper explores the impact of obesity on health economics of the United States at a national level. There is a brief description on obesity and related health conditions. The topic discussion includes the prevalence of obesity and its associated medical expenditure in the present and future. It reports on how obesity as a current epidemic has affected United States. The paper’s main focus is on the total federal and state revenue utilization, in regards to obesity. It illustrates various methodsRead MoreObesity : A Serious Health Condition1452 Words   |  6 PagesObesity is a serious health condition that, if left untreated, causes serious health conditions. Contrary to popular belief, obesity is more than a condition caused by overeating and lack of exercise (Vallor 2013). Obesity is a disease (Callahan 2013); a disease that Americans are spending about $150 billion on annually (Zamosky 2013). Additionally, changing a person’s diet and exercise regimen may not be effective in some cases of obesity (V allor 2013). Obesity is not like most well-known diseases;Read MoreDisease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesDisease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services Final Project Axia college 1/15/2012 Many health care professional have great concerns about the growth of the aging population, chronic disease and the epidemic of obesity, and how will the United States healthcare system prepared for this continuing epidemic. The fact that the aging population along with obesity epidemic is a global healthcare concern, many health cares’ professional is baffled about how to address the growing epidemic

Chinese Society Essay Example For Students

Chinese Society Essay China PaperCHINESE SOCIETYEven since the dramatic post-1949 changes in China regarding the role of women, China has remained paternalistic in its attitudes and socialreality. The land reform, which was intended to create a more balancedeconomic force in marriage, was the beginning of governmental efforts topacify women, with no real social effect. Communist China needed to address the woman question. Since women wanted more equality, and equality is doled out from the hands of those in power,capitalism was examined. The economic issues of repressed Chinese womenwere focused on the Land Act and the Marriage Act of 1950. The Land reformsucceeded in eliminating the extended familys material basis and hence,its potential for posing as a political threat to the regime. Small-plotswere redistributed to each family member regardless of age or sex; and landreform provisions stipulated that property would be equally divided in thecase of divorce. Nonetheless, their husbands effectively contro lled landallotted to women. Patriarchal familial relationships in the Confuciantradition seemed to remain intact. The Marriage Law of 1950 legalized marriage, denounced patriarchalauthority in the household and granted both sexes equal rights to file fordivorce. The second and most prominent element of the strategy wasintegrating women into economic development. Womens employment was viewedas a prerequisite for emancipation from bourgeois structures as embodied inthe patriarchal family. Furthermore, at the core of the CCPs strategy forpolitical consolidation was economic reconstruction and rural development. The full participation of women was not only an ideological imperative buta pragmatic one. Third, the All-China Womens Federation (W.F.) wasestablished by the CCP to mobilize women for economic development andsocial reform. Women did succeed in gaining materialisticly. However, culture dictates whether these governmental attempts can besuccessful and China has proven that they were only panaceas for the realissue. Materialistic approaches could not shadow the issue of the view inChinese society of the role of women. In the struggle for equality, Chinadid not go to the women to find what they believed to be the most effectiveanswer to the issue. The paternalistic powers gave women what they thoughtthey needed for an equalizer, not understanding the need forself-affirmation and independence. The issue the women rallied under was that men were answering the womanquestion. Womens organizations were not allowed their voice, which becamean ironic and frustrating endorsement to the pathetic state of women inChina. The One-Family, One-Child policy launched in 1979 has turned reproductioninto an area of direct state intervention. The new regime under Deng madethe neo-Malthusian observation that the economic gains from reform werebarely sufficient to accommo date a population of one billion, given thenatural population growth rate of 1.26 percent, much less provide a basefor advanced industrial development. The One-Family, One-Child campaignshave therefore targeted women to limit their childbearing as a patrioticduty. The family planning policy is implemented by local units of the W.F.,barefoot doctors and health workers who are mainly women. Each family isvisited individually by members of the local family planning committee. After the first child, women are awarded a one-child certificate thatentitles them to a number of privileges. Standard regulations concerningthe type of birth control method employed require IUDs after one child,sterilization after the second one and abortion for unapproved pregnancies. The policy rests on a coercive system of sanctions and rewards. Economicsanctions include: payment of an excess child levy as compensation to thestate for the cost of another child to the country; reduction in thefamilys grain ration (or higher prices) for producing a surplus child;limitations on additional land for private plots and the right tocollective grain in times of flood and drought; and ineligibility forpromotion for four years, demotion, or reduction in wages (Anders,52). .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 , .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 .postImageUrl , .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 , .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5:hover , .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5:visited , .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5:active { border:0!important; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5:active , .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5 .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud4cb97e01cfce22b884a74b5e21967b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The House On Mango Street EssayMoreover, the offending couple has to bear all expenses for medical careand education of excess children, and extra children have the lowestpriority in admission to kindergarten, school and medical institutions. In contrast, one-child families are entitled to many privileges includingmonthly or annual cash subsidies for health or welfare until the childreaches fourteen years of age; and additional private plots from thecommune. Single children are entitled to free education, health services,and priority in admission to nurseries, schools and hospitals. Parentsreceive an additional subsidy to their old age pension (Croll,89). The basis for the issue is ironical again. Population growth is generallythe result of a well functioning society. Improved medicine and nutritionhas sustained a higher life expectancy. Internal peace in China has alsocontributed to the individuals living longer. Since Communism rests on thedoling out of commodities and benefits based on the number in a household,the structure of the government itself encouraged population growth. The rural resurgence produced the natural effect of having more children tohelp with the work and produce more. Lack of space in Urban areas inducedpressure on couples not to have more children. A satisfying compromise wasnever reached between the two mitigating factors of urban and rural familyneeds. Thus, an ineffective initiative was implemented. Due to the ineffectiveness of the law, compliance became a problem,especially in the rural areas. Women were looked to for the solution tothe problem. Forced sterilization and abortions were becoming commonplacein the regions where pressure was put on the officials to take action. Threats of violence and the loss of assets of a family were gorilla tacticsused on the offenders of non-compliance. The self-esteem of Chinese women and girls was all but crushed with beinglooked at as worthless, since boys were highly valued in single familyhomes. Girls were to be for the use of others. In attempts to save money,girls were kept away from school and provided cheap domestic labor instead. It is obvious to see the cultural battle that women in China have beforethem. The demands of rural agricultural labor undermine the one-child lawand create conflict on many levels in both rural and urban China. While it is easy to belabor the oppression of women in China, one must lookto the monumental strides that a Communist nation was able to take in thelast 50 years. An unparalleled determination rested in the Communists goalfor answering the woman question. The strides that were takeneconomically have contributed to the betterment of many Chinese women. Communist Chinas intentions were to provide women with economicequalization which shook the foundation of Chinese society. Themale-dominated household was being challenged to recognize the legitimateother half. Remembering that girls were considered useless, brings tolight the true strides that have advanced Chinese society in the form oflegal recognition. The intra-familial relations have not evolved along the lines ofrecognition of the individuality and authenticity of women. For example,the barbaric practice of foot binding, which rendered a woman powerless tobe an economic contributor. And even beyond that, the twist in idealizingsomething so demeaning to women demonstrated that China was not ready torelease their cultural bonds on women. Arranged marriages offered nothingfor women in as far as emotional release. The more estranged a husband andwife were, the more beneficial for the husbands mother. Wealthy husbandswere allowed concubines while the poor men merely had affairs. This is not meant to imply that the state and the household are monolithicagents in an overdetermined system of patriarchy. Although male-dominationpersists, socialist ideology raised the consciousness of women to theexistence of their subordinate social valuation. Women did not receive asmany work points as men for comparable labor in the agricultural commune. .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 , .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 .postImageUrl , .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 , .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05:hover , .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05:visited , .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05:active { border:0!important; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05:active , .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05 .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7573878885f50e71f037173d41b09a05:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Minda Are Open Only When Hearts Are Open EssayWomen were encouraged to contribute more to farm work so that men couldpursue more important forms of production. Women were recruited forpolitical activities but then expected to fulfill their domesticresponsibilities and serve the patriarchal interests of the state. In eachcase there were women who attempted to challenge the privileged status ofmen. But then there were also women enlisted by the party-state to reorientthe terms of equality under socialism. In an ironic recognition of theintersubjective synergy between the patriarchal state and household,Zhongguo Fun (Women of China) wrote the following in response to theresis tance of rural women cadres to housework: Family and state are interdependent and interrelated. For this reason, inChina home work and social labor are mutually geared together, and homework is just a part of social labor and plays an important part insocialist construction.If a woman can integrate what little she can dointo the great cause of socialist construction and if she has the ideal ofworking for the happiness of future generations, she would be a nobleperson, a woman of benefit to the masses, a woman of communistmorality (Anders,46). Women in China must still adhere to the traditional roles set about bytheir culture. The Communist Revolution provided the examination of theroles of women in China and implemented important steps toward therecognition of their legitimacy. Rightly so, Chinese feminists are notsatisfied with their place in society and campaign for a new and betterunderstanding of the value of women in society. History Essays

Tips On How To Make First Day of Class Productive For New Teachers

Visa G4 para trabajar en organizaciones internacionales

Visa G4 para trabajar en organizaciones internacionales La visa G-4 permite a una persona extranjera vivir en Estados Unidos para trabajar en una organizacià ³n internacional como la ONU, el FMI o la OEA. En comparacià ³n con otras visas de trabajo, la G-4 ofrece notables ventajas en materia de là ­mite de tiempo, impuestos y familiares que pueden acompaà ±ar a su titular. Tiene cierto parecido con la visa A  para diplomticos pero es diferente. Quià ©nes pueden solicitar la visa G-4 Los extranjeros con contrato de trabajo en una organizacià ³n internacional ubicada en EE.UU. Adems, este mismo tipo de visa se otorga a las personas que conforman el hogar familiar de la persona contratada: su cà ³nyuge, los hijos de cualquier edad, los hijos de la pareja y, en algunos casos muy limitados, los padres e incluso otros familiares cercanos. Validez de la visa G-4 y transfer La visa G-4 es vlida por el tiempo que seà ±ala la misma. Adems, se puede prorrogar sucesivamente sin là ­mite de aà ±os. En los 60 dà ­as anteriores a que la visa expire, se tramita su extensià ³n sin necesidad de salir del paà ­s. Se puede transferir de una organizacià ³n internacional a otra, por ejemplo, de trabajar en Naciones Unidas pasar a ser un empleado del Fondo Monetario Internacional. Para ello debe cancelarse con el Departamento de Estado la registracià ³n con la institucià ³n original y registrarse con la nueva. Permiso de trabajo para familiares de titulares visa G-4 En algunos casos, los familiares que acompaà ±an a EEUU a la persona contratada por la organizacià ³n internacional pueden trabajar. Para ello necesitan obtener previamente un permiso de trabajo, que se conoce por las siglas EAD. Debe solicitarse al USCIS, que sà ³lo los concede en los casos de nacionales de paà ­ses que tienen un tratado de reciprocidad con Estados Unidos. Los permisos de trabajo se aprueban para el cà ³nyuge o pareja, los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os, o de 23 si estn estudiando a tiempo completo en la universidad. Si tuviesen una minusvalà ­a fà ­sica o mental no se aplica el là ­mite de edad, siempre y cuando sean solteros. Por otra parte, los hijos de extranjeros con visa G-4 pueden estudiar la educacià ³n primaria y secundaria. Para los recià ©n llegados, estos son las reglas bsicas del sistema educativo de los Estados Unidos. Impuestos de titulares de la visa G-4 Adems, otra de las ventajas de la visa G-4 es que no se tributa en EEUU el impuesto sobre la renta (income tax) por el salario pagado por la organizacià ³n internacional. Tramitacià ³n de la visa G-4 y de su extensià ³n Una vez que se ha encontrado una organizacià ³n internacional que ofrezca un trabajo al que se puede aplicar, debe conseguirse que està © de acuerdo en contratar. Una vez que se tiene la oferta de contrato ya debe iniciarse el proceso ante una oficina consular de los Estados Unidos.. Si la persona contratada se encuentra en Estados Unidos deber tambià ©n tramitar la visa en un consulado y salir del paà ­s para obtenerla, ya que no se puede hacer este trmite dentro del paà ­s salvo en casos limitadà ­simos como el de los estudiantes internacionales con una visa F-1 en prcticas en la organizacià ³n internacional que ahora los contrata con una G-4. En estos supuestos podrà ­a ser posible cambiar la visa a travà ©s del USCIS. Se debe pedir una cita y los documentos a presentar son el DS-160, un pasaporte vlido por al menos medio aà ±o y una carta de la organizacià ³n internacional ofreciendo la contratacià ³n y fotos. Como regla general, no es necesario presentarse a una entrevista y las tasas de la visa no se pagan. Las oficinas consulares pueden pedir informacià ³n y documentacià ³n adicional, dependiendo de cada caso.   Estas visas se caracterizan por ser tramitadas inmediatamente. En cuanto a su validez, si una persona contratada con una visa G-4 se retira o es despedida debe abandonar EEUU en un periodo de 60 dà ­as junto con los familiares inmediatos tambià ©n titulares de ese tipo de visado. Y en estos casos, si se sale de EEUU no se puede volver a entrar, aunque la fecha de vigencia de la visa siga siendo vlida. En cuanto a la renovacià ³n, si el titular de una visa G-4 debe renovar la visa y est presente en EE.UU. puede contactar con la Diplomatic Liaison Division del Departamento de Estado o con la Misià ³n de EE.UU. ante Naciones Unidas, ya que en muchos casos es posible renovar la visa a travà ©s de esas oficinas llenando el formulario online DS-1648. Finalmente, cabe destacar que, en general, los maestros de la escuela internacional de Naciones Unidas no se consideran plantel de dicha organizacià ³n internacional, por lo tanto no pueden beneficiarse de esta visa. Pero puede ocurrir que la ONU solicite expresamente una G-4 a una persona en particular y el consulado correspondiente puede aprobarla pero no es la regla general. Tributacià ³n por parte de ciudadanos que trabajar en organizacià ³n internacional en EE.UU. Por supuesto que los ciudadanos estadounidenses, los residentes permanentes legales y las personas con permiso de trabajo en los EEUU no necesitan una visa G-4 para trabajar en una organizacià ³n internacional. En cuanto al pago de impuestos por el salario recibido por la organizacià ³n internacional, debe tributarse de una forma especial. La visa G-4 como camino a la green card La G-4 puede ser un puente hacia la residencia permanente tanto durante la vida laboral de una persona como tras su jubilacià ³n. En este à ºltimo caso si la persona ha vivido al menos 15 aà ±os en EEUU y, de ellos, tres y medio los ha residido en los siete aà ±os anteriores a retirarse, puede solicitar la green card para sà ­ misma y para su cà ³nyuge en los seis meses siguientes a su à ºltimo dà ­a de trabajo. Otras opciones para trabajar en Estados Unidos Para trabajar legalmente es necesario tener una situacià ³n migratoria que lo permita. Por ejemplo, porque se es ciudadano americano, residente permanente legal, se tiene una visa de trabajo o se est en una situacià ³n que permite solicitar y obtener un permiso de trabajo. Tener en cuenta que trabajar cuando no se est autorizado es una violacià ³n migratoria y, si las autoridades se enteran o lo sospechan dar lugar a que se cancele la visa. Frecuentemente, la persona se entera de que su visa es revocada cuando intenta regresar a Estados Unidos despuà ©s de un viaje a otro paà ­s y se encuentra con la desagradable sorpresa de que no la dejan entrar a paà ­s y la envà ­an de regreso a su lugar de procedencia.   Puntos Clave: Visa G-4  ¿Para quià ©n es?: extranjeros con contrato de trabajo en una organizacià ³n internacional ubicada en EE.UU.El titular de la visa G-4  ¿puede obtener visa para familiares?: sà ­, en general para el cà ³nyuge, compaà ±ero domà ©stico e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os. En algunas circunstancias, ese cà ­rculo de familiares puede ampliarse. Pueden trabajar en EE.UU. y estudiar.El titular de la visa G-4,  ¿paga impuestos en EE.UU.?: No. Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal .

Gender And Post Colonial Nation Building In India Essay

Gender And Post Colonial Nation Building In India - Essay Example Focus shifted to the problems of social position of women and to the satisfying of their needs and demands. The main issue of the welfare approach was that Indian women were the object of the programmes designed for their development and they acted the roles of consumers, rather than participants in various agencies. This approach was then recognized as unfortunate due to the narrow range of issues defined as essential for women. These main issues were education, health and domestic violence. Besides, this approach defined that the women should be responsible for the housekeeping only, assigning to them the following roles: housewives, mothers and wives. (Banerjee) The period of the Decade of Women started in 1975 and lasted till 1985. At the beginning of this period the scientists started to speak about separating practical and strategic needs, or interests, of women. Among other authors, Molyneux in 1985 determines these needs and Moser in 1989 described them in detail. Here is the example: "finding food or fuel for the family is a practical gender need; women's issues addressing practical gender needs, which if fulfilled, could lead to an improvement in the condition of women". (qtd in Mohanty) But as the experience shows, to provide constant an... ecessary to remove gaps between gender roles in education in medicine, but providing such changes only won't significantly change women's position in the society. The specialists speak about the changes that are to be provided at first on the level of morals. It is necessary to make the notion of gender equity be recognized in the society, and ideological changes are to be provided to reshape social patterns in the state. (Buch) Conception of "strategic gender needs" appeared during the period of Decade of Women, and the process of gender planning started. The purposes of gender planning were elimination of gender discrimination and accepting gender mainstreaming. The concept of gender mainstreaming "meant that the 'Ladies Compartment' approach of having one Gender Unit or a single Ministry for Women be abandoned, because land reforms, fisheries development, trade, school curricula, road construction, taxation, conflict resolution, etc., were all as much the concerns of women as of men". (Mohanty, p.6) All these issues were recognized as those that have different influence on men and women, and, accordingly, demanding different strategies and approaches. Thus, the activists of the movement required that each programme worked out by the government, should include gender analysis, based upon key interests and demands of genders. It was also necessary to create an institution to control this process and to offer the direction of the changes to be made. It was planned that this institution would be provided with high power and would be financed good, and would focus on the women's interests, needs and demands. The authors describe this condition the following way: "Strategic gender needs were identified as ones that challenged the existing division of labour and catalyzed

Google and saving face in China Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Google and saving face in China - Case Study Example Thus, Google cannot always count on the Chinese government focusing on cultivating innovation and promoting technology. However, it should also be mentioned that innovation is a crucial factor for an emerging country such as China from longer perspective of development and considering this fact, companies such as Google should continuously strive for creating and enhancing innovative technologies.5 The incident about Google and China is unforgettable, but Google is very attracted towards Chinese market and it has developed innovative technologies such as ‘Nexus S’, ‘Android Phone’ and ‘Chrome Operating System’. 6 Recommendation to Google’s Openness Policy in Countries that have Autocratic Regimes Learning from Google's China adventure, it would not be wrong to suggest that the company has to be extremely careful in the future before implementing operations in other autocratic countries. Avoiding problems such as that of ‘losing face ’, the company should build on collaboration with the governments of these countries. In this context, partnership with the governments of the countries that have autocratic regimes that Google want to operate in can be found through mutual dialogues as this will help to avoid clashes in future. Google should carefully examine the sensitivities of the host country in order to avoid providing user access to websites that can compromise relations with the government. This will certainly help in eradicating any conflicting views especially in terms of political and cultural factors that has been the major conflicting issues in China.7 For the strengthening of the openness policy in those countries, Google should gravely concentrate on factors related to politics and religion. Any news,... Learning from Google's China adventure, it would not be wrong to suggest that the company has to be extremely careful in the future before implementing operations in other autocratic countries. Avoiding problems such as that of ‘losing face’, the company should build on collaboration with the governments of these countries. In this context, partnership with the governments of the countries that have autocratic regimes that Google want to operate in can be found through mutual dialogues as this will help to avoid clashes in future. Google should carefully examine the sensitivities of the host country in order to avoid providing user access to websites that can compromise relations with the government. This will certainly help in eradicating any conflicting views especially in terms of political and cultural factors that has been the major conflicting issues in China. For the strengthening of the openness policy in those countries, Google should gravely concentrate on factors related to politics and religion. Any news, articles or journals and forums that criticize the political or religious values of the countries should not be revealed through Google’s search engine. Views of opposition political parties should be avoided as far as possible. Any access to information that may insight violence within the country or threaten the government stability should be carefully vetted. Google should comprehensively adhere to the factors that can harm moral or cultural beliefs of the people of those countries in the East Asia, Middle East or Latin America.

The Factors Affecting Auditor Independence Accounting Essay

The Factors Affecting Auditor Independence Accounting Essay The issue of auditor independence is a crucial element and very important for the audit profession. This concept has been discussed widely and many definitions have been presented in literature. Independence refers to the auditors ability to present his opinion about the reliability of financial statements honestly and impartially away from his interest or the pressure of clients  [1]  (Ahmad, 1985). Literature has contemplated two standards for assessing auditor independence. Mautz sharaf(1961), who are among the pioneers in the study on auditors independence have developed a concept of independence with two components: practitioner-independence (independence in fact) and profession-independence (independence in appearance). The Public Oversight Board emphasized that the members of Certified Public Accountant firms should protect the profession by being independence both in fact and in appearance (Lowe et al, 1999). Independence in fact refers to the mental attitude of the auditor characterized by the integrity and the objective approach to the audit process. Also, the practitioner independence requires the auditor to be free from personal interest and susceptibility to excessive pressure  [2]  ( Moizer Sutton, 1997). However, since this mental process is unobservable and auditors also have incentives to violate their independence through satisfying their clients so as to maintain the economic bonding to the client  [3]  (DeAngelo, 1981), there is a need for the auditors to be perceived as independent(named independence in appearance) from the management team who prepares the financial statements. Orren (1997) states that independence in fact refers to the actual, objective relationship between auditing firms and their clients whereas independence in appearance is the subjective stated of that relationship as perceived by the clients and the third parties. Church and Zhang, (2002) argue that independence in fact is necessary to enhance the reliability of financial statements. On other hand, independence in appearance is necessary to promote public confidence such that users will rely on audited financial statements. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1979 asserts: The [auditor independence] issue is both one of appearance and of fact; if public confidence in the integrity of financial reporting is to be maintained, it is of the utmost importance that public confidence in the objectivity of independent auditors be similarly maintained. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (Public Oversight Board, 1979): While it is, of course, essential that an auditor preserve his objectivity and integrity from his own viewpoint, commonly called independence in fact, it is also important that the auditor appear independent to all users of the financial information he provides. This latter concept is an essential ingredient to the value of the audit function because users of audit reports must be able to rely on the independent auditor. The need for Auditors independence Independence is an important auditing standard because the auditor adds justification and credibility to financial statement even when there are no material misstatements or omissions in the financial statements prepared by management (okolie 2007). The author Gupta (1999) is of opinion that is auditor is not independent of management; his opinion would mean nothing to shareholders, prospective investors, bankers, government agencies, and others who are concerned with the financial statements of a company. The author Ezeipe(2004) describes the concept of auditors independence in three dimensions  [4]  : Programme independence: Sometimes client manager have the intention to restrict or modify the procedures that the auditor want to perform. Thus auditors should always remain free from interference of client managers. Reporting Independence: The auditor should never let any feelings of loyalty towards the client to affect his work. He must fully and fairly disclose his obligations. Management are never allowed to pressurize the auditor. Investigative Independence: The auditor should have access to all necessary materials required on the content of an audit. For example, the auditor must have access to books and records; also active co-operation from management personnel during audit examination is required (salehi 2009). Factors affecting auditor independence In theory, there are many factors that affect independence of an auditor and these factors which have been studied can be: The effects of gifts The purchase of discounts arrangement The audit firm size The provision of management advisory services by the audit firm The client financial condition The nature of conflict issue The audit firms tenure The degree of competition in the audit services market The size of the audit fees The audit committee Practising non-audit services by auditors In this study, only factors such as the provision of non audit services, the audit firm size, the audit firms tenure, the degree of competition in the audit services market, the size of audit fees and non audit fees and the audit committee will be analysed and whether these factors will impair or enhance auditors independence. The provision of non audit services by auditors Audit failures  [5]  reported in the past have affected the profession of auditor worldwide because the interests of shareholders and stockholders have not been safeguarded. This problem has arisen as a result of the provision of non-audit services (Salehi and Moradi 2010). Non- audit services can be any services other than audit that an auditor provides to an audit client. Over the late 20th century, demand for business expert services has increased, wattington and Pany (2001) identified the different range of services which are offered by auditors to private and public sectors and these non-audit services include: training, services for payroll, risk management advice, mergers and acquisition, taxation, public offering, portfolio monitoring, recruitment and human resources and corporate governance. An auditor needs to pay much attention when both audit and non-audit services are provided to the same client, because these non-audit services may threaten the independence of auditor. Although there are market-based incentives for auditors to remain independent, there are also forces that potentially threaten auditor independence. Specifically, the SEC is concerned about two effects of non-audit services. One is a fear that non-audit service fees make auditors financially dependent on their clients, and hence less willing to stand up to management pressure for fear of losing their business  [6]  . The other is that the consulting nature of many non-audit services puts auditors in managerial roles, potentially threatening their objectivity about the transactions they audit. Auditors services relationship raises two types of independence concerns. First, the more the auditor has at stake in its dealing with the audit client, particularly when the non-audit services relationship has the potential to generate significant revenues on top of the audit relationship. Second, certain types of non-audit services, when provided by the auditor, create inherent conflicts that are incompatible with objectivity. In the United States, the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 implemented a ban on nine non-audit services which include: Bookkeeping and other services related to the audit clients accounting records or financial statements. Financial information systems design and implementation Appraisal or valuation services and fairness opinions Actuarial services Internal audit services Management functions Human resources Broker-dealer services Legal services Ojo (2009) suggested that the provision of non- audit services by audit firms does not necessarily affect auditor independence. However, where the fees generated from non-audit services are relatively high (in proportion to the audit fees earned by such accounting firms), this creates a situation whereby the auditors independence is likely to be compromised since the auditor may be denied profitable contracts  [7]  where he gives a qualified opinion on the financial statement being audited. Proponents of the provision of audit services argue that synergies of knowledge spill over and audit efficiency arise from providing both audit and non- audit services. Nevertheless, following the collapses, auditing profession as a whole has been affected and changes were proposed to ensure that audit firms reduce their over-reliance on NAS (The Star, 2002). In order to ensure the independence of auditors and to protect the interest of investors, the accounting profession in most countries has come up with a code of ethics that spells out guidelines for auditors competency and independence. Audit committee An audit committee consists of a selected number of members of a companys board of directors whose main duties are to help auditors remain independent of management (Arens at al, 1999), that is, committee should support the auditor instead of management in different audit disputes. Braiotta (1999) and Goldman (1974) maintained that audit committees could monitor the financial reporting process and provide recommendations in the selection of auditors, negotiation of fees and termination of external auditors, which would ultimately diminish managements power over the auditor. Thus, the audit committee is anticipated to ensure that the firm has sufficient internal controls, proper accounting policies, and independent external auditors that will prevent the incidence of fraud and promote high quality and timely financial statements. The members who participate in the audit committee can be non-executive directors, corporate managers, academicians and retired partners of CPA firms (Knapp, 1987). In the U.S., the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) chairman, Levitt (2000) pointed out that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦qualified, committed, independent and tough-minded audit committees represent the most reliable guardians of the public interest SEC requires Audit Committees to evaluate the independence of the companys external auditor when deciding whether or not to hire the auditor for providing non-audit services. In so doing, Audit Committees also are encouraged to consider how the auditor provided non-audit services may improve audit quality and enhance auditor independence. Size of audit firm  [8]   The size of audit firm is an essential characteristic that reflects auditor independence. Auditor reputation is directly associated with audit quality. Large audit firms will make sure to provide an independent quality audit service as the larger audit firms tend to have better research facilities and efficient financial resources, more advanced technology and more skilled employees who will be able to undertake large company audits compare to smaller audit firms. Large audit firms have larger client portfolios which enable them to resist management pressures whereas small firms provide personalised services as their client portfolios are limited and they have to succumb to management requirements (Lys and Watts, 1994). The issue of maintaining auditor independence is more crucial for smaller firms than larger firms. Pearson (1980) found the larger size of audit firms will enhance auditors independence, because, smaller firms would experience more difficulty in resisting client pressures in situations of conflict. As a result, the information content of audit reports certified by large firms is considered to be more and reliable than those of smaller audit firms  [9]  (Titman and Trueman, 1986). However, as pointed out by Goldman Barlev (1974), it cannot be concluded that large CPA firms are more resistant to pressures from their clients. This is so because the few court cases which challenge the assumption that CPA firms acted independently indicate that there is no guarantee that large CPA firm has the ability to resist pressures from clients, as happened with Arthur Andersen and Enron  [10]  . Level of competition in audit service industry Competition  [11]  has been identified as an external factor affecting auditor independence (Shockley 1981). Many firms which operate in an intensely competitive environment may have difficulty remaining independent as the client can easily acquire services of another auditor. The  [12]  AICP Cohen Commission (1978) in its report affirms that there are excessive competitions among public accounting firms and this excessive competition among different firms has been consistently identified as a factor threatening auditor independence  [13]  (Farmer et al., 1987). . Shockley (1981) had found that audit firms operating in an environment characterized by a high level of competition for audit clients would have a greater risk of decreasing their audit independence than where audit firms operated in a low-competition environment. However as suggested by Linberg and Beck (2004), Competition in the audit market makes the auditor more careful and concerned with the audit assurance level in their services. Tenure of an audit firm serving the needs of a given client An audit firms tenure refers to the length of time required to fill the audit needs of a given client. A lengthy association between a company and an accounting firm is likely to result a close identification of the firm with the interests of its clients, thus an independent action by the accounting firm become difficult. (U.S. Senate 1976). The author Mautz Sharaf (1961) added that after a long association, less rigorous audit actions, complacency and confidence in the client may arise. However, long auditor tenure may lead to a cozy relationship between the client and the auditor ad this may impair auditor independence due to a decrease in the auditors due-diligence and also becomes more prepared to turn a blind eye to inappropriate managerial actions. On the other hand, long auditor tenure is beneficial as auditors gain expertise in the field they audit and may reduce the auditors ability to detect irregularities or material misstatements (Gul et al., 2009) Size of audit and non audit fees The IFACs Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (1996, para 8.7) propose that client size which is measured from size of fees could raise doubts as independence of auditor is concerned. The EFAA (October, 1998, p.4) clearly states that, the (total) fee from one client should not exceed a certain percentage of the total turnover of the audit firm. In cases of accounting scandals (for example Enron and WorldCom), the audit firm appeared to be in collusion with the management in hiding fraudulent activities. The major factor behind such reservation was the amount that the auditors received as non-audit fees from these clients. Anderson, the auditor for Enron, received US dollar 27 million as non audit fees in addition to US dollar 23 million as audit fees. The fact that the accounting firm received more than half of its Enron revenue from NAS gives an appearance of a lack of independence in the audit (Flaming 2002). In addition, the fees for non-audit services has also increased substantially and are more profitable than fees from audit services, thus strengthening the economic bond and substantially lead to impairment of AI . The regulatory bodies in the U.S. like the SEC, the POB and the AICPA emphasized that significant high non audit fees can negatively affect auditor independence and also impair auditor decision-making, when those decisions involve a substantial amount of professional judgment. In Malaysia the MIA By-Law (Section B-1.98 on Professional Independence) has emphasized that if the total fees (arising from assurance and non-assurance services) generated by one assurance client or its related entities exceed 15% of the firms total fees in each year over two consecutive financial periods, financial dependency shall be considered to exist, in which case, a self-interest threat to independence is created. In such event, the only course of action is to refuse to perform or withdraw from the assurance engagement. This 15% criterion has also been the level generally used by the ICAEW and Australia at which auditors have to consider their independent position.

Election of Lincoln and Civil War Essay examples -- history

Election of Lincoln and Civil War How did the election of Lincoln to president in 1860 lead to civil war in the United States of America? Essay: In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected as president of the United States of America, the repercussions of which led to civil war. However it was not only Lincoln’s election that led to civil war but also the slavery debate between the northern and southern states and the state of the economy in the United States. Together with the election of Lincoln these caused a split, both politically and ideologically, between the North and South states which manifested into what is now refereed to as the American Civil War. When Lincoln won the 1860 election it was not by a majority vote. As stated by the historian Neville he in fact won less than 40 percent of popular votes. However because the American election system is based on the college votes system (where each state is worth a certain number of points and if a candidate wins the majority of votes in that state he wins all the points for that state, regardless of how much he wins by. To win the entire election a candidate must win the most amount of points) he was able to win the election with a minority of votes. Lincoln won all the states in the north and in the west which, because of their high population, were worth the most points. This election caused the civil war because of what the southern states, the Confederate, perceived Lincoln to be. He was thought to be an abolitionist, meaning a person who wishes to abolish slavery completely. In fact Lincoln only wished to stop the spread of slavery, not to abolish it completely. He had no intention of changing the established social order in the south. Historian J. J. Cosgrove sees Lincoln’s election as the straw that broke the camel’s back. He claims in his book, co-written with J. K. Kreiss, Two Centuries that the civil war can be put down to five causes; slavery; political collapse that eliminated compromise; sectional economic rivalry; Southern nationalism; and the effect of fractional minorities such as abolitionists. This can be summed up as a rift between the north and south states. A rift between the north and the south had been present since the late eighteenth centaury. It began with the industrial revolution, which saw the northern states prosper. The north changed industries from fa... ...eadership of the democrats, believed in popular sovereignty ie the population of a state choosing for itself on the matter of slavery. The other member also aiming to rule the democrats was Breckinbridge, who believed in slavery being permitted in all states. The democrat party split into the northern and southern democrats. Because of the split Lincoln was able to win the election, upon which the southern states succeeded from the union. In conclusion the election of Lincoln as president in 1860 caused a civil war because it was falsely perceived by the south that Lincoln would threaten the state’s constitutional right to slavery. This false idea was due to a rift between the northern and southern states in both an economic and ideological manner. That is the north was based on industry and generally was opposed to slavery. But the South was an agricultural society which ran on slavery and, due to Nat Turner’s Insurrection and John Brown’s stand at Harper’s Ferry, was fearful of the north’s involvement in the governing of states as well as being opposed to this on the basis of state’s rights. The election of Lincoln caused the south to succeed from the union causing civil war.

Leadership Activity

II. Reality Check Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To pinpoint actual leadership behavior and to set behavior goals How the author has used this exercise:   I have had success using this exercise as a pre- workshop self-inquiry activity. I have also used it as a homework assignment. Its strength lies in the fact that it paints a picture of actual behavior and then helps the leader see how he or she can redistribute behavior. Activity Description: * Have the participants think about what they actually do on a daily basis. Then ask them to draw generalizations about how they spend their leadership time. Each participant completes the Leadership Behavior Chart below (In blue font). * You can follow up with full group or small group discussion. The central question is this: Is your leadership behavior out of sync with the way that you feel an effective leader should be spending his or her energy? Think about your daily interaction with the people who you lead. Generally speaking, determine the actual behaviors that define that interaction. Using the list of behaviors below, determine the amount of time (in percentages) that you generally spend on each behavior. Then in the second column, determine what you feel would be ideal distribution of time (in percentages). Behavior | Percentage of time spent on each behavior | Ideally the percentage of time you would devote to each behavior | Informing |    |    | Directing |    |    | Clarifying or Justifying |    |    | Persuading |    |    | Collaborating |    |    | Brainstorming or Envisioning |    |    | Reflecting (Quiet Time for Thinking) |    |    | Observing |    |    | Disciplining |    |    | Resolving interpersonal conflicts |    |    | Praising and/or encouraging |    |    | Follow Up Questions 1. Is there a gap between how you should spend your energy and how you actually spend it? 2. Are there some behaviors that are taking up too much of your leadership time? Why? 3. Are there some strategies that you can employ that would move you closer to your ideal distribution of behavior? Options:   A. Some groups may want to calculate behavior totals to see how their peers are spending their energy. B. From the third column it is easy to move into a discussion about â€Å"ideal† leader distribution of energy. C. You may also use this same format with both meeting and team interaction. Added thoughts or considerations: Since this activity helps participants see what they are actually doing, it helps them translate leadership theory into real behavior. Once participants review their charts it is easier for them to design strategies to align their leadership behavior. –Return to Top– III. Your Leadership Calendar Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To extend leadership learning beyond the workshop. How the author has used this exercise:   This exercise is a good follow up or homework activity. Activity Description: Ask the participants to mark twelve different days on their calendar spread out over four or six months. At the end of each marked day, participants should write down some leadership behavior (either positive or negative) that they exercised during that day. Each behavior should be followed by a reaction statement that answers two questions: â€Å"How did I feel about my action or behavior? †Ã‚   and   â€Å"How does this action or behavior jive with what I know about leadership best practices? Options:   On each marked day, the participant can send his or her personal leadership comments to a selected partner from the original workshop. This is a good method for accountability and feedback. Added thoughts or considerations: I almost always use the strategy in the Options section above. When people leave the workshop, they get caught up in daily mainten ance and frequently don't get around to doing the follow up exercises. By having them contact a selected partner from the workshop, it puts a little pressure on them to follow through. –Return to Top– IV. Leadership Dance Card Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To encourage participants to talk to one another about specific leadership best practices How the author has used this exercise:   Very simply, I use this activity to get participants to share best practices. This format will work with almost any professional topic. Activity Description: Each leader has his or her own style of leadership. Some styles will work for you while others won’t. In this activity participants mix with the full group and sign up the names of three other participants on their â€Å"interview dance card. †Ã‚   Then during a set period of time (this may be done over an extended break or even a lunch period) participants seek out their â€Å"dance partners† to conduct a short leadership interview. They ask each other a set of questions provided by the facilitator and record the responses. Below are some leadership interview questions that I have used in this activity: 1. How do you motivate your reports? 2. How do you keep your reports meaningfully informed? 3. How do you maintain your team's focus on specific goals? 4. How do you set, clarify, and hold your reports accountable to   your expectations? 5. How do you recognize successful work? Note: you may want to restrict each interview to one or two questions depending on the amount of time you want to devote to this activity. When the full group reconvenes, the facilitator asks participants to share leadership tips and strategies that they picked up in their interviews. The facilitator may want to make a master list of these to pass out later. Options:   Have the group brainstorm for interview questions to be used in the interviews. Added thoughts or considerations: This activity serves many purposes: it gets the participants moving around, it connects people, and it is an efficient strategy to share best practices. –Return to Top– V. Center Stage Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To visualize different leadership styles How the author has used this exercise:   If the group is comfortable with one another, a role playing activity can have some impact. I have used this activity to set up my   information about leadership styles. However, this same format can be used with a variety of different topics. Activity Description: Ask for four volunteers. One volunteer plays the role of a   team member who recently has missed meetings or arrived late. The other three volunteers each play the role of a different kind of leader. To save time I usually give the leader volunteers a personality trait from which they can create their persona: the by-the-book leader, the self-absorbed leader, the paternalistic leader, the softy, the blamer, the lecturer, the know-it-all, etc. Allow the volunteers to have some time to think about their role. Gather the full group in a circle and place two chairs in the middle. In turn, have each leader confront the team member. Explain the situation to the group before the role playing begins: Loren, the late team member, has not only been missing meetings or arriving late, he has also appeared to be very tired and disjointed. Some team members have suggested that Loren’s wife is ill, but others say the situation is rooted with Loren himself. As a leader, what is a good way to handle Loren? After all three scenarios have been played out, ask the full group to comment on the different leadership approaches—What worked? What could the leaders have done differently? How would the â€Å"ideal† leader handle this situation? This activity is a good spring board to exploring different leadership styles. Options:   You may want to have the full group identify three different role playing situations. Added thoughts or considerations: I try to check with some of the participants before the workshop begins to see if the group would be comfortable or willing to engage in a role playing activity. -Return to Top– VI. Leaders you Admire Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To seek leadership characteristics through personal experience How the author has used this exercise:   I ha ve found stories to be a powerful way for participants to connect to the workshop subject matter. Generally people like to tell and hear stories. Activity Description: Divide the group into small groups. Ask participants to share a story about the best or most influential leader that they have encountered. After each story, identify leadership characteristics by asking the question: â€Å"What was it that made this person such an effective leader? †   Then as a group, identify the traits that all the leaders seemed to share. All groups then write the shared traits on a white board. You can use this traits list as a springboard to explore more about what makes a good leader. Options:   You can ask the groups to share stories about the worst leaders they have encountered. You will get some dandy stories. Added thoughts or considerations: I like to insert an activity like this into a workshop when participants are starting to run a little low on energy. A good story swap frequently revives energy. Be sure not to drag this activity out too long. Encourage the participants to include details in their leadership examples. –Return to Top– VII. Leadership Swap Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To exchange leadership ideas and build participant rapport How the author has used this exercise:   Sometimes it is helpful to allow the participants to have some time just to swap leadership examples. In short they have some time to portray their own leadership style by giving examples. Activity Description: This activity is a structured leadership example exchange. Divide the group into groups of three. From the list of â€Å"situations† below, instruct the groups to take turns giving examples of something they have done or witnessed. Leadership Situations * A creative twist on a situation or issue. * A clever improvisation–â€Å"dancing on your feet† * A pleasant surprise * An Aha moment * Something that generated a great deal of excitement * A conflict resolved * A breakthrough insight or solution * A really tough situation * A blindside experience * A moving (emotional) situation Options:   You may want the groups to identify their own Leadership Situations Added thoughts or considerations: Remember that this is a set up activity, so don't let it go on too long.

Analysis Of The Book The Principle - 977 Words

Selected lithograph Paper (Edited) The â€Å"The Principle† was lithographed in 1918 by the artist named â€Å"Oskar Kokoschka†. The Principle is a stationary, bust sculpture like lithograph that depicts a sad laughing clown. The lithograph seems like it takes place in a large bare room with the clown bust gazing up and to the right of the room as if is pondering or thinking and has been for a very long time which gives the bust like lithography life. The Principle, was published in 1919 on cream, smooth, Japanese woven paper. Was published by Verlag Gustav Kiepenheuer from Berlin with the theme of death and war with political. The art work has blood splatter all over it, especially from the mouth the meaning is war with the clown face showing some type of comic sadness, and sadness is the heart of all comedy. He was friends with a sculptor and critic named Adolf Loos, which influenced Oskar to turn away from many of his old ways of decorative ideas and move on an expressive style of painting. 1910 he was in contact with many expressionist circles in Berlin, one specifically was Herwarth Walden who pushed and spread his work out to many others. Oskar was in the Great War, he volunteered for the Austrian Army when the war started, but was heavily wounded in 1915 and left the army. From 1916 to 1931 a fellow named Paul Cassirer who supported and showed many of Oskar works of art in his gallery and published many of his works, during this time Oskar had moved to Dresden in 1917 andShow MoreRelatedA Research On Malcolm Knowles1589 Words   |  7 Pagesrefuses his claims, but only support them with additional arguments. Knowles model claimed that there were four critical anagogical assumptions of adult learning, which differs from the assumptions of pedagogy (New Orleans 2004). 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