Thursday, June 6, 2019

Grammatical aspect Essay Example for Free

Grammatical aspect EssayUse the unreserved olden to express the judgment that an litigate started and finished at a specific prison term in the past. Some cartridge clips, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have maven specific time in mind. Examples I saw a movie yesterday. I didnt see a play yesterday. lastly year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didnt travel to Korea. Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car. He didnt wash his car. USE 2 A series of Completed Actions pic We accustom the Simple one-time(prenominal) to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.Examples I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 800, checked into the hotel at 900, and met the others at 1000. Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and thence add the eggs? USE 3 Duration in sometime(prenominal) pic The Simple noncurrent c an be utilize with a duration which starts and loot in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as for both years, for five minutes, all day, all year, and so on Examples I lived in Brazil for two years. Shauna studied Nipponese for five years. They sat at the beach all day. They did not stay at the company the entire time. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. A How long did you wait for them? B We waited for one hour. USE 4 Habits in the late(prenominal) pic The Simple Past can also be utilize to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same nitty-gritty as intentd to. To make it clear that we atomic number 18 talking nigh a habit, we often add expressions such as ever more than, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, and so on Examples I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin. He didnt play the piano. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? She worked at the movie theater after school. They never went to school, they always skipped class. USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations pic The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite interchangeable to the expression used to. Examples She was shy as a child, but now she is precise outgoing. He didnt like tomatoes ahead. Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? quite a little remunerative much more to make cell phone shout outs in the past. IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First.Clauses are groups of playscripts which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word when such as when I dropped my pen or when class began These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses. Examples When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. She answered my question when I pai d her one dollar. When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both(prenominal) clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question.It is not important whether when I paid her one dollar is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar. Example I paid her one dollar when she answered my question. ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples You just called Debbie. Did you just call Debbie? Past invariable FORM was/were + present participle Examples You were studying when she called. Were you studying when she called? You were not studying when she called. Complete List of Past Continuous Forms USE 1 stop Action in the Past pic Use the Past C ontinuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples I was honoring TV when she called. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. What were you doing when the earthquake started? I was listening to my iPod, so I didnt hear the fire alarm. You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane. While I was writing the email, the computer curtly went off. A What were you doing when you broke your leg? B I was snowboarding. USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption pic In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Example s Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work. IMPORTANT In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Examples Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. I started eating at 6 PM. Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. I started earlier and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner. USE 3 Parallel Actions pic When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples I was studying while he was do dinner. While Ellen was guideing, Tim was watching television. Were you listening while he was talking? I wasnt paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I do several mistakes. What were you doing while you were waiting? Thomas wasnt wor king, and I wasnt working either. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. USE 4 Atmosphere In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. Example When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were kick to each other about the bad service. USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with Always pic The Past Continuous with address such as always or constantly expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very akin(predicate) to the expression used to but with forbid emotion. Remember to put the words always or constantly between be and verb+ing. Examples She was always coming to class late. He was constantly talking. He fuddled everyone. I di dnt like them because they were always complaining. While vs. When Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word when such as when she called or when it bit me. Other clauses begin with while such as while she was sleeping and while he was surfing. When you talk about things in the past, when is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas while is usually followed by Past Continuous.While expresses the idea of during that time. Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence. Examples I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must u se Simple Past. Examples Jane was being at my house when you arrived.Not Correct Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples You were just studying when she called. Were you just studying when she called? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. passive Past everlasting(a) FORM had + past participle Examples You had studied English out front you go to New York. Had you studied English originally you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York. Complete List of Past Perfect Forms USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past pic The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that somethi ng happened before a specific time in the past. Examples I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? She only understood the movie because she had read the book. Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. We were not able to pulsate a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. A Had you ever visited the U. S. before your trip in 2006? B Yes, I had been to the U. S. once before. USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs) pic With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.Examples We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in Lon don for over eight years. They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than twoscore years. Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words live, work, teach, and study are sometimes used in this way level off though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs. IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect pic.Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary. Example She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. MOREOVER If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when before or after is used in the sentence. The words before and after actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are corre ct. Examples She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. HOWEVER pic If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a want of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used. Examples She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska.Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples You had previously studied English before you moved to New York. Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples George had repaired many a(prenominal) cars before he received his mechanics license. Active Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanics license. passive Past Perfect Continuous FORM had been + present participle Examples You had been waiting in that location for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived? You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Complete List of Past Perfect Continuous Forms USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past pic We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. For five minutes and for two weeks are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous.Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous however, the duration does not continue until now, it cabbage before something else in the past. Examples They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. She had been working at that co mpany for three years when it went out of business. How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia. A How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?B I had not been studying Turkish very long. USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past pic Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. Examples Jason was tired because he had been jogging. Sam gained weight because he had been overeating. Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class. Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous If you do not include a duration such as for five minutes, for two weeks or since Friday, many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous.Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. P ast Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference. Examples He was tired because he was use so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact instant. He was tired because he had been exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time.It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect. Examples The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT.The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived. Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurants fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. Active The restaurants fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. Passive NOTE Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common.

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